Luther Standing Bear, A Native American Author,...

Luther Standing Bear was a Native American author, philosopher and actor. Luther Standing Bear was a master at using rhetoric, because with it, he benefits not only his people, but also the human identity. Luther Standing Bear contributed all of his efforts to get the Native Americans a place in a world that was no longer theirs. Luther Standing Bear is a pioneer in what would eventually become a movement for Civil Rights. The ideas that he was using did not involve insults but rather, pointed out views that others hadn t seen or thought of before. Instead of using hatred and insults, he used his wisdom and his life experiences to express his views on the world, and why big changes had to be executed immediately. Standing Bear uses the opportune moment in the early 20th century, while civil rights was at its infancy to persuade the white man that the Indian was no different than he was. Luther Standing bear was born in 1868, on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota. Luther Standing Bear s real name was Ota K’te (Plenty Kill). For the first eleven years of his life, Standing Bear was taught the traditional ways of the Lakota. This meant that he learned how to hunt at a young age; he also learned the tales and the language of his people. Being taught the ways of the Lakota, Standing Bear would soon be introduced to world that made it impossible for the Indian to survive. This was because at the time Native Americans were not given the same opportunities as an averageShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesdistribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical Reasoning or its author endorse you or your use of the work). (2) Noncommercial You may not use this work for commercial purposes (for example, by inserting passages into a book that is sold toRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesThree Ethical Decision Criteria 187 †¢ Improving Creativity in Decision Making 188 Summary and Implications for Managers 190 S A S A S A L L L Self-Assessment Library What Are My Gender Role Perceptions? 166 glOBalization! Chinese Time, North American Time 171 Myth or Science? Creative Decision Making Is a Right-Brain Activity 181 Self-Assessment Library Am I A Deliberate Decision Maker? 183 An Ethical Choice Whose Ethical Standards to Follow? 185 Self-Assessment Library How Creative Am I? 190Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesservice purchase, he or she tells six other potential buyers. In contrast, a dissatisfied consumer informs 25 other potential buyers. That is the leverage of quality in shaping consumer sentiment, which is vital in powering the two-thirds of the American economy that is consumer-driven. Therefore, as companies again go back to the business basics, this is a reminder of the most fundamental of those basics: Company managers need to recognize that a business’s income comes from its customers, not from

My First Day Of School - 917 Words

Since September, my AP Language experience has drastically changed paths many times. This class has challenged me mentally, yet is not the hardest and most challenging thing I have ever done. I came into the year, and the class, with a relatively open-mind, but majorly underestimated my writing abilities. Since that ill-fated September day, the first day of school, I have gained an exceptional amount of confidence when it comes to my writing abilities. Needless to say, I definitely feel challenged this year, which was much overdue. It was an adjustment from just being able to whip up an essay up from nothing, to having to critically think about what I was writing. This year, has definitely pushed me as a writer, and I feel as though I have gained a vast repertoire of writing strategies. Overall, I would rank the class at a medium level of difficulty, as I do not find it easy, but it is also not impossible. In terms of overall experiences, I am beyond satisfied with my growth and the time that is devoted to developing our skills. I was elated beyond belief when I started the year out at a 6/9, because I had doubted my abilities and did not think that was remotely achievable. Additionally, the amount of time and practice that we do to develop and maintain new skills is phenomenal, because it allows me to use all the new techniques in my everyday writing. Over the course of first semester, I have discovered my true writing strengths and vices. As far as strengths, I feel asShow MoreRelatedMy First Day At School837 Words   |  4 Pageshard push on my side. Slowly I opened my eyes. I just see the sun’s rays creep through my windows and flash me right in my eyes. Slowly I got used to the light. I finally got up and could open my eyes fully. I hear my mom yell get up it’s your first day of school. I Got up took a shower, got dressed, ate my breakfast, and I was out the door on my way to school. I live in Ohio where it usually rains a lot and today it was a very sunny beautiful day. I got to school. It was my first day of middle schoolRead MoreMy First Day Of School838 Words   |  4 PagesIt was sunny Monday morning, soon to be my first day of school. I remember having a mild anxiety. I found myself swept away by fear as I approach the main entrance. The thought of leaving my home to acquire education seemed like nonsense for my 4 years old self. Since it was my first day of school my parents had to stay with me to make me comfortable. Being nervous, I passed through the main entrance. I saw a couple of kids playing with their small trucks in the playground and others were runningRead MoreMy First Day Of School Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesIn elementary school, I had two best-loved teachers. My kindergarten teacher, Dr. Barron had the kindest heart. My first day of school, I scarcely remember her greeting each student with a friendly smile. 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The morning of the first day of class, I was soRead MoreMy First Day Of School1607 Words   |  7 PagesWhen I woke up this morning, I was very nervous my first day of school, usually, I get taught at home so I don’t understand much, going to this public school is going t o put a new perspective in my life. When I open my little wooden door with my tinny bunnys hands, I walked to the bus in the background, I heard my mom and dad and little sister saying, â€Å"good luck on your first day.† I just gave a little wave back and blew a kiss. When I looked around I felt alone, the birds chirping with suchRead MoreMy First Day Of School1682 Words   |  7 Pagesyour day off with a two mile walk in the heat. Finally, you get to the small, one room schoolhouse, and it has no air conditioning. Everyone around you is so much taller than you, meaning they are probably a lot older than you as well. The teacher looks at you and tells you to take a seat, but all you want to do is turn around and be anywhere else but there. Seems a little scary, right? Well this is how my grandma’s first day of school went. This is nothing like a typical first day of school for kidsRead MoreMy First Day Of School Essay1544 Words   |  7 PagesWe met during our second last year of high school. Back then, I had transferred to Richmond High from my old school, Churchill, to study in the IB program they offered. I was quite looking forward to it, actually. I felt that the past years of my life had been wasted on social life and boys who just disappointed me at the end. Moving to a new school was a way to break free, to start anew and focus on something different for a change. Studies. That’s right, I was going to focus on studies. PlusRead MoreMy First Day At School774 Words   |  4 Pages My time at Life School was very eventful, and I will remember them for the rest of my life. My first day at life school was very eventful though i made a name for myself. I started at Life School Lancaster in the third grade, and i came about a month after school started because i transferred from a different school. I got into trouble and they gave me a tally which is just something to show you did something they didnt like. At first i thought i was getting kicked out, but through time i learnedRead MoreMy First Day At School733 Words   |  3 Pagesbecause it was my first day of school. First I went to take a shower; I thought, â€Å"What I would do in school today, who will be my teachers. Then I walked to the bus stop people looked at me like Im not from this planet. I sat on a tree trunk waiting for the bus. The bus arrived after 15 minutes, I aboard the bus. The driver was a woman she was wearing a black shirt and brown pants. She told me â€Å" Do you have the paper that sh ows that you have permission to go to school in a school bus† I stared atRead MoreMy First Day Of School1280 Words   |  6 PagesHigh school first day drama My first day of highschool changed my identity through new environments new teachers new friends and new standards. On the first day of school I woke up to my blaring alarm â€Å"beep beep beep beep†. After I hit the snooze button it was 6:00 and realized the summer was over and new school had started. I had not worried much about this day but today was different. I had the stomach bug I felt as though I was going to throw up. The sun was just waking up throwing vibrant colors

Human Resource Management for Organisation - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHuman Resource Management Practicesfor Organisation. Answer: Introduction Human resource management is a very important department in the organization that facilitates the skilled and talented candidates or resources to the organisation. The workforce is a crucial part of any business which makes it a success and failure in the organisation (Meifert, 2014). Therefore, human resource management is a vital area that should be explored to develop a profound understanding about its significance in the organisation. Furthermore, this research paper explains the role human resource management in ensuring the value added facilities to the organization that helps it in. Human resource management also maintains and retains the employees to improve the productivity and performance of the organisation. Human Resource Management Practices that adds values in an Organisation Every company has a huge value of employees as a resource which is the most valuable asset for the organisation (Baron and Armstrong, 2007). The human resource management is responsible for many of the functions in the organisation. The professionals and experts support in maintaining the workforce in an organisation by motivating and creating a favourable environment for the employees. Not only this, human resource managers are responsible for the encouragement of the employees so that they can improve their performance and help them to understand the organisational culture by sustaining the ethics and high morals. The organisations fundamentals are being managed and well performed by strategic management implemented by the human resource management thatdevelops and build the strong base for functional areas (Banfield and Kay, 2012). It has been found overtime that there is a reflective connection between the people who works in the organisation and performance achieved by the organ isation. The direct link of the performance and employees creates a thoughtful insight on the significant role of the human resource management. Hiring people that can ensure the long term success of the organisation is very important in this context. Furthermore, financial performance of the organisation has a correlation with the motivation and employees engagement in the organisation (Baron and Armstrong, 2007). Along with this, to motivate employees for better performance it needs a driving force such as reward system and appraisal system that helps in encouraging employees for better performance. The skilled and talented employees are asset for the organisation and basis of profitability in the organisation (Mayo, 2016). Thus, it is also important for an organisation to focus on the recruitment and selection process of the organisation. In addition to this, the human resource management is responsible to plan, entice, select, recruit, motivate and retain the high skilled and experienced employees. Experienced employees are very crucial resource of an organisation which supports the company in achieving its goal and objectives with pure dedication and involvement (Mayo, 2016). The decision making process also affects with the engagement of such employees in the internal matters of the company. Apart from this, a flexible and suitable job designing and hiring process is being created by the human resource management which facilitates the organisation with the right employee for the right kind of work. Similarly, hiring process entails various stages such as screening and interv iew process, training and orientation program and introduction of new and exciting compensation program for the employees that help them in motivating and do work with full dedication (Stredwick, 2013). For successful measurement of the employees performance there are certain tools and techniques that are used to evaluate the skill and performance of the employees. Nevertheless, human resource management helps the company by providing legal shield to the organisation and adding value to the image of the company. Human resource managers also have a duty to protect the organisation in case of wrongful lawsuits and discriminations (Andresen and Nowak, 2014). They are accountable in relation to the any legal information or rules and education about law is being articulated among the managers and company executives. The organisational culture is also highly affected by the way human resource management behaves and take care of its employees. Thus, human resource management needs to integrate a hire system that promotes and enhances the credibility and equality in the organisation. Similarly, the role of human resource management becomes crucial when the diversified workforce involved in the organisation and maintaining them without any discrimination and fairness becomes duty of HR managers (Stredwick, 2013). The process of recruitment should also be based on such a manner that no candidate feel like discriminated and targeted. Thus, it is essential for an organisation to manage the diversificati on in the organisation through effective and strong human resource management so that no discrimination claim can be made by any of the employee. The HR strategies also play an imperial role in the assessment of strength and weakness of the organisation along with determination of possible threats and opportunities in the market. The strategic planning of the organisation is also being made by the management of human resource so that according to the requirement workforce can be prepared for the competitive environment. Proper training and development programmes and negotiation on compensation with strategic planning for future expectation has also been facilitated by the human resource management of the organisation. It is responsible to build a strong relationship between the employer and employees by improving the work condition and satisfaction within the employees. Building a strong relationship management helps the organisation in increasing the involvement of employees and en hances the communication efficiently in the organisation. The organisation supports the communication properly which impacts the innovation and creativity level of the organisation (Stredwick, 2013). Besides that, human resource management inspire employees to build a strong skilled and professional expertise for self education purpose as well as for organisation that makes it more convenient for the management to engage employees in organisational operations. The development of employees is being the primary focus for the mangers so that the company have the precious understanding and knowledge resource as workforce that can help the company in growing and expanding around the world (Horton, 2002). Furthermore, human resource management add the positive environment in the organisations culture by catering the needs and requirements of the employees. The employees satisfaction is essential to work with optimum dedication and perform better in the future. Thus training and orientation program also helps the company enhancing the value of the organisation (Andresen and Nowak, 2014). Hence, these basic functions and role of the human resource management provide a valuable support to the organisation that literally helps it in reaching its goals and objectives. Increasing profitability by improving performance of the workforce is proficiently involves various methods that has been executed by the human resource management. Besides this, human resource managements the internal policies and other human resource standard areas are highly influenced by the customers point of view (Andresen and Nowak, 2015). Their performance reviews, reward decision and promotion criterias are often in many cases directly related with the customers remarks. It also enhances the level of economic literacy as mangers emphasis on the skills and knowledge of the employee and makes big decision and policies according to it. The HR department also impacts on the capability of risk taking as it controls the high capabilities to encourage the individuals of the organisations and change the management according to the requirement (Andresen and Nowak, 2015). Lastly, the human resource management develops the principle leaders that encourage employees to operate and function ethically and incorporate the culture of the organisation seriously that lead to long term success. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be implicated that human resource management is highly responsible for the adding value in the organisation. It is responsible for encouraging the employees and influencing the performance and productivity of the organisation. It is also directs and motivates the employees for the skill acquisition by providing training and orientation programs that helps them to achieve their internal as well as organisational goals. Furthermore, the human resource management reviews the performance of employees through strategic methods and maintain the talent acquisition in the organisation. From hiring process to retaining the skilled and experienced workforce, the human resource management significantly manages all the functions that precisely help in adding value to the organisation. References Andresen, M., and Nowak, C. 2015. Human Resource Management Practices. Springer International Publishing. Andresen, M., and Nowak, C. 2014. Human Resource Management Practices: Assessing Added Value Management for Professionals. Springer. Bach, S., and Edwards, M. 2012. Managing Human Resources: Human Resource Management in Transition. 5th ed. John Wiley Sons. Banfield, P., and Kay, R. 2012. Introduction to Human Resource Management. OUP Oxford. Baron, A., and Armstrong, M. 2007. Human Capital Management: Achieving Added Value Through People. Kogan Page Publishers. Horton, S. 2002. Competency Management in the Public Sector: European Variations on a Theme. IOS Press. Management for Professionals. Springer Science Business Media. Mayo, A. 2016. Human Resources Or Human Capital?: Managing People as Assets. Routledge. Meifert, M. T. 2014. Strategic Human Resource Development: A Journey in Eight Stages Stredwick, J. 2013. An Introduction to Human Resource Management. Routledge.

Nursing Optimal Pain Management

Question: Case Study Mrs Salimah Abdallah a 44 year woman, wife, mother and devout Muslim has been re - admitted to the hospital with an elevated temperature and productive cough, after having a haemorrhoidectomy one week ago. You are the admitting nurse and during the admission discover that Mrs Abdallah developed the cough after spending the week after surgery in bed. Mrs Abdallah states that she is finding difficult to walk small distances before becoming breathless and experiencing sharp lung pains whilst breathing in. She rates this pain 5/10 and denies taking any analgesia. You ask Mrs Abdallah about her normal sleep routine and discover that she has not slept properly for days and feels exhausted. She is pale, drawn with dark circles under her eyes and complaining of fatigue. Due to decreased appetite and energy levels, Mrs Abdallah has been eating very little Halal food. You ask Mrs Abdallah her toileting habits. After telling her husband to leave the room, you learn that she has not opened her bowels for the entire week as she is frightened it will be painful and that she will bleed a lot. Mrs Abdallah normally cares for her five children aged 2 7 years of age. Her husband works 6 days a week in his own Halal butcher shop. PART A: (S/NYS) Scenario Working in collaboration with the RN the following Nursing Diagnosis are formulated for Mrs Abdallah. 1. Ineffective Airway Clearance related to viscous secretions and shallow breathing. 2. Sleep Pattern Disturbances related to cough, pain, and orthopnoea. 3. Constipation related to reduced fluids, inactivity and fear of pain defecating. 4. Acute Pain (anal) related to recent surgery and constipation. 5. Activity intolerance related to breathlessness and malaise.PART B: (S/NYS) Please discuss in your understanding of the evaluation phase of the nursing process. (S/NYS)Explain in how you will maintain the clients cultural safety whilst applying the nursing process. (S/NYS)Discuss your understanding of the concept person centred care and provide 4 examples of how you can implement person centred care for Mrs Abdallah. (S/NYS)The care plan focus for Mrs Abdallah is on the acute care of this client. Once she is significantly improved, the nurse will plan for discharge. Please identify four (4) areas of discharge teaching for Mrs Abdallah. (S/NYS) Answer: 1. Blood gases like O2 and CO2 should be monitored. Ineffective airway clearance may cause low level of O2 due to impaired external respiration. Moreover, in case of Abdallah, shallow breathing has been observed. This shallow breathing further negatively affects O2 level in the blood. Nurse should advice Abdallah to cough and breathe because through coughing she can expel the viscous secretions. As Abdallah experiencing pain in the lung during breathing, it is necessary to encourage her for breathing. Nurse should administer Abdallah with effective expectorant with best possible schedule because expectorant can loosen the viscous secretions and it is easy to expel these secretions through cough. Nurse should administer oxygen to Abdallah using facemask which can provide oxygen with flow rate 4-7 litre per minute. Due to shallow breathing there is the less oxygen in the blood and it is required to maintain oxygen saturation in the blood in between 94-98 %. Nurse should administer suitable antibiotic to Abdallah because in case of compromised lung function there are the possibility of lung infection. These antibiotics can help to arrest the growth and prevent from multiplication of the invaded bacteria (Bott et al., 2009; Berman et al., 2008). 2. Nurse should asses the sleep pattern and usual sleep time of Abdallah. Sleep pattern is a character which varies with each individual. This assessment would help nurse diagnose the exact etiology of disturbance in sleep pattern. This assessment would help to implement nursing intervention. Administer pain medicine to Abdallah before going to bed because complained about her pain. It has been well proved that pain is one of the main causes of sleep disturbance. Administering pain medicine and making Abdallah relaxed for sleep would definitely improve her sleep. Provide appropriate environment for sleep and apply massage to patient. Few people cant sleep in environment which is noisy and few people need dark environment for sleep. In such environment is not provided, there is the possibility of disturbance in mind of patient and resulting in the disturbance in sleep pattern. It was proved that massage can induce sleep. Nurse should record, Abdallahs medicine and diet. Carbohydrates can release neurotransmitter serotonin to induce sleep. Caffeine containing products disturb sleep. Bronchodilators has side effect as disturbed sleep. Nurse should administer cough medicine to Abdallah to relive from pain. Because contneous cough can disturb sleep pattern in Abdallah (Berman et al., 2008; Sateia, 2014). 3. Nurse should try to make arrangements to remove bowl contents of Abdallah. This can be done by using enemas, by softening the stools and using medications like laxatives. If faecal matter remained in the bowl for long time, it can affect patient both physiologically and psychologically. Patient can have anxiety to remove faecal matter if stayed in the bowl for long time. Nurse should make note that, patient should not overuse both enema and laxative medication. Nurse should advise Abdallah to drink more water daily. If patient is dehydrated, large intestine soaks water from the consumed food and it leads to the hardening of the stool and it is difficult to defecate hard stool. Nurse should administer fiber rich food to Abdallah. This carbohydrate, through osmotic effect can increase bulk of stool and helpful in avoiding constipation. Nurse should make compulsion for physical activity or exercise to Abdallah. It was proved that even little physical activity or daily walk for around 30 minutes can definitely improve bowl movement and improve constipation. Nurse should make arrangements to provide privacy to Abdallah at the time of defecation. As defecation is a very private act some people may face problem if they feel there is disturbance in their privacy. Nurse should make sure that door should be closed at the time of defecation of Abdallah (Schuster et al., 2015). 4. Nurse should assess exact location, duration and frequency of pain Abdallah. This assessment can be very helpful in understanding the severity of pain and planning the intervention accordingly. Nurse should assess the history of pain medications in Abdallah. If she has consumed earlier any analgesic, which is not effective. In case of analgesic drugs, there can be variability in its effect based on the individual person. Nurse should avoid administration of analgesic drugs to Abdallah, which were not effective earlier. Nurse should administer medicine (analgesic) for pain management to Abdallah. Pain management medicine can give relief to Abdallah from pain and make her comfortable in her daily activities and with less fear of pain. In case of analgesics, nurse should administer nonnarcotic analgesics rather than narcotic analgesics to Abdallah. Nurse should demonstrate non-medicine strategies for pain relief. These strategies include relaxation and meditation. These strategies have been proved successful in managing pain and distracting the patient from pain perception. In case of pain at the time defecation, nurse should make a plan for smooth bowl movement for Abdallah. These smooth bowl movement strategies include more consumption of water, carbohydrate rich food and small dose of laxatives. Pain during defecation during is mainly due to the hard stool. These smooth bowl movement techniques definitely relieve from pain (Pfenninger and Zainea, 2001). 5. Nurse should assess the exact cause of activity intolerance in Abdallah, whether it is due to physiological disturbance or it is a psychological effect. Knowing exact cause can be helpful in planning in that direction. Nurse should get information about timings and duration of daily activities and bed rest for Abdallah. In earlier studies it has been proved that bed rest in hospitals due to the medical conditions leads to more activity intolerance. Nurse should encourage, Abdallah follow suitable physical activity or exercise. Long duration immobility can lead to the shortening of muscle and augmented stiffness in the bone and cartilage. This can further lead to the immobility in the patient. Nurse should advise and train Abdallah for deep breathing. This deep breathing technique can help to improve external respiration, to reduce respiratory rate and to increase O2 saturation in the blood. This deep breathing not only helpful in improving breathlessness but also helpful in improving daily activities. Nurse should assess for the constipation in Abdallah. Less physical activity can lead to the constipation (Springhouse, 2006). Part B: 1. After completion of all the steps of nursing intervention, nurse should evaluate the outcome of intervention to get indication of patient condition. Nurse should evaluate patient condition on regular basis. If the ongoing nursing intervention is achieving the nursing goals very slowly or it is not showing positive outcome, then nursing plan should be changed accordingly. Patient should be evaluated by keeping in mind all the possible outcomes like improved condition of the patient, steadied condition of the patient, worsened condition of the patient, mortality and discharge possibility. In case of no improvement in the condition of the patient, nurse should consult physician and modify nursing intervention accordingly (Funnell et al., 2009). 2. Nurse should provide treatment and management to the patient by maintaining the personal, social and cultural identity of the patient. Nurse should protect the identity of illness of the patient to maintain wellbeing and acceptance of the patient in the society and to maintain dignity of the patient. Nurse should maintain very healthy and friendly relation with patient with positive attitude and behavior. Through this healthy relationship with nurse can understand patient I better way and it is for nurse to convince patient for treatment. Nurse should implement different strategies for people with different values, backgrounds, education, experience and beliefs. For implementing good cultural safety nurse should be good listener, confident of own work and values and respectful to other person (Milne et al., 2016). 3. Person centered care is a health management system in which patient and patient family members opinions and suggestions should be considered while implementing nursing care. In person centered care nurse should understand the values, wishes, family condition, social influence, lifestyle of patient and family. In person centered care, decisions about nursing should be discussed with patient and family members and amend according to patient comfort. Person centered care is very flexible, based on one-to-one care and should be implemented along with patient and not to the patient Examples: Enquiring about comfort for sleeping, providing personnel toilet instead of common toilet, helping Abdallah in her daily activities whenever she requires (Sharma et al., 2015). 4. Abdallah should avoid constipation. For this she should drink lot of water, eat vegetables, fruits and carbohydrate rich fruit, keep practice of walking for some time and take laxatives only on doctors advice. Abdallah should not drive, if she is taking opioids as pain medication. Abdallah should take help of others in her daily activities, she should not go outside alone and specifically she should take help of others while reaching toilet because as she is feeling constipation she may under stress while going to toilet and fall risk is there. Abdallah should keep on practicing breathing exercise and she should do this breathing exercise in morning session because breathing in morning fresh air is good to improve her breathless problem (Zeng-Treitler et a., 2008). 5. Cough, breathlessness, fatigue and sleeplessness are the four signs indicating respiratory distress of Abdallah. Nurse should try to reduce the frequency of cough because due to cough Abdallah, feeling breathlessness, fatigue and sleeplessness. If nurse can prevent cough all these problems can be controlled to some extent. Nurse can control cough by giving medication for the cough. Along with nurse should give artificial respiration to Abdallah. Nurse should improve moral of Abdallah, so that she should not feel lethargic and if she didnt feel fatigue, it can solve may problems of daily living. As a result, she can feel relaxed and get proper sleep. 6. Pain in any individual is mainly a perception due to physiological, pathological and psychological factors. Pain perception in a person mainly depends on the age, gender, cultural and educational background and prior experience of pain. Behavior of a person is not always reflecting the exact severity of the person. Some of the patients may exhibit more pain to get sympathy and some of the patients may not exhibit pain at all to get rid of hospital visits and to hide their pain from family members to keep family members happy. Due to all these factors pain assessment should be devoid of oness opinion and it should be based on the awareness, understanding and acceptance (Roberts, 2008; Fink, 2000). 7. Sleep restriction: Sleep restriction involves reducing the amount of time spent in the bed as compared to the total sleep time. Patients less than 85 % sleep efficiency required sleep therapy. Stimulus control: Patient should go to sleep in case of feeling sleepy, use bedroom only for sleep activity, leaving bedroom, if cannot sleep for more than 15 minutes, keeping same time for sleep waking up in the morning. Cognitive therapy : Patient should be aware that insomnia is a dysfunctional thought and it should be removed. Relaxation training : Relaxation techniques like deep breathing, body scanning and autogenic training can promote sleep (Siebern et al., 2012). Part C:1. Potential risks Risk prevention strategies Fall Fall can be prevented by using devices like hand rails for stairways, raised toilet seat, grab bars for water tub, bare-wood steps with nonslip. Weakness Weakness can be prevented by taking healthy diet, good sleep and reducing stress. Cognitive impairment Cognitive impairment can be best prevented by changing lifestyle such as incorporation healthy food like vegetable and fruits, regular exercise and good amount of sleep. Pressure sores Position change is the main for the prevention of pressure sores. This position change should be regular with extra care to evade stress on the skin and lesser the pressure on the susceptible region. 2. While giving nursing care nurse should think form the patients point view and should take patients opinion about comfort level to the particular intervention. When touching to the patient, nurse touch should be very gentle because this gives patient feel warmth and comfortable. Nurse should keep body language and speech with the patient very gentle. Patient should not feel embarrassed with the activities and talk of the nurse. Nurse should always try to give privacy to the patient. Curtains covering the patient bed should always be covered when there is no nursing or clinical intervention. Nurse should maintain privacy of the medical condition of the patient so that dignity of the patient should not get affected in the society (Lin and Tsai, 2011). References: Berman, A.T., Snyder, S., Kozier, B.J., and Erb, G. (2008). Kozier Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, 8th Edition 8th Edition. Pearson Education. Bott, J., Blumenthal, S., Buxton, M., Ellum, S., Falconer, C., Garrod, R., et al. (2009). Guidelines for the physiotherapy management of the adult, medical, spontaneously breathing patient. Thorax , 64, pp. i1-i52. Fink, R. (2000). Pain assessment: the cornerstone to optimal pain management. Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center), 13(3), pp. 236239. Funnell, R., Koutoukidis, G.and Lawrence, K. (2009) Tabbner's Nursing Care (5th Edition), Elsevier Pub, Australia. Lin, Y.P., and Tsai, Y.F. (2011). Maintaining patients' dignity during clinical care: a qualitative interview study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67(2), pp. 340-8. Milne, T., Creedy, D.K., and West, R. (2016). Development of the Awareness of Cultural Safety Scale: A pilot study with midwifery and nursing academics. Nurse Education Today, 44, pp. 20-5. Pfenninger, J. L., and Zainea, G.G. (2001). Common Anorectal Conditions: Part I. Symptoms and Complaints. American Family Physician, 63(12), pp. 2391-2398. Roberts, L.J. (2008). Managing acute pain in patients with an opioid abuse or dependence disorder.Australian Prescriber, 31, pp. 133-5. Sateia, M.J. (2014). International classification of sleep disorders-third edition: highlights and modifications. Chest, 146, pp. 1387-94. Schuster, B.G., Kosar, L., and Kamrul, R. (2015). Constipation in older adults. Stepwise approach to keep things moving. Canadian Family Physician, 61(2), pp. 152158. Siebern A.T., Suh S., and Nowakowski, S. (2012). Non-Pharmacological Treatment of Insomnia. Neurotherapeutics, 9(4), pp. 717727. Sharma, T., Bamford, M., and Dodman, D. (2015). Person-centred care: an overview of reviews. Contemporary Nurse, 51(2-3), 107-20. Springhouse. (2006). Handbook of Medical-surgical Nursing. Fourth Edition. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Zeng-Treitler, Q., Kim, H., and Hunter, M. (2008). Improving Patient Comprehension and Recall of Discharge Instructions by Supplementing Free Texts with Pictographs. AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings, pp. 849853.

When I visited my local dental surgery Essay Example

When I visited my local dental surgery Essay When I visited my local dental surgery I noticed that they use a manual filing system and I felt that they could benefit from having computerised version, as it would save both time and effort for the receptionists. The organisation The Dent Care Ltd is a medium size dental surgery based in Burnt Oak. The clinic deals with all aspects of primary dental care that includes regular inspection checks (every 6 months), teeth extraction, fillings, capping and bridging to denture fitting. All work is carried out under local anaesthetic. Where major prolonged work is required they are referred to specialist dental clinic where work can be carried out under sudation. The clinic is owned in partnership by the three dental surgeons and each has a dental nurse and two receptionists all of whom are computer literate and can operate the PC without much difficulty. We will write a custom essay sample on When I visited my local dental surgery specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on When I visited my local dental surgery specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on When I visited my local dental surgery specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer At the moment, the clinic has an 80386 Compaq PC and a HP desk Jet Printer that the receptionist use for typing letters, invoices using Microsoft Word. The patients appointments are hand written in a yearly planner that they use. The planner simply has a day and times of 15 mins intervals and 5 columns. The columns are headed with the names of the three Dental surgeons. Data collection To understand the current system, three methods of data collections were considered. 1. Questionnaire to all staff Advantages Disadvantages Quick way of collecting information from large number of people. Difficult to plan questions to collect complex data Useful if people are not available for interviews Cannot probe responses. Useful if people work in different parts of the office. Some find it easier to give honest accurate answers. 2. Interview the staff Advantages Disadvantages If well planned and questions are structured in advance lot of detailed information can be captured. People may not be fully truthful. Allows probing of responses to seek clarification or ask additional questions. People may not feel comfortable being interviewed. Takes up lot of time. 3. Observe the staff doing their job. Advantages Disadvantages See unusual things that users may not be aware of. Takes up lot of time. See the efficiency of the system. People suspicious of being watched. See which user needs access to what information See what people do with the information Understand the whole process easily, as different users carry out different parts of the process. Technique used As this is a small friendly dental surgery, questionnaire technique was rejected, as everyone was happy to be observed and interviewed. Questions planned for the interview are available in appendix A. Notes from the interview are available in Appendix B. Observation notes are available in Appendix C. Customer documents collected are available in Appendix D. Current system Process of making an appointment. When a patient calls to make an appointment, they normally speak to the receptionist. The receptionist asks which consult they are registered with, date ; time they wish to attend and checks in the yearly planner if the requested time slot is available on that day. If the slot is not available then the receptionist suggests alternate times that available either on that day on another day in that week. Once the appoint is agreed, the patient name is written in the book at the agreed time and a patient appointment reminder card is filled out by hand and given to the patient. Process of seeing the dental surgeon. When the patient arrives at the clinic, they see the receptionist and say either their name or time of appointment or say which surgeon they are here to see and at what time. The receptionist looks at the yearly planner and confirms the appointment. She marks the planner with a tick to indicate the patient has arrived and asks the patient to wait. She checks her manual file system and take out the patients records. Seeing the dental surgeon The patient record is passed to the dental surgeon who looks at last appointment notes in the patients records and then the dental nurse calls the patient in. After the treatment The dental nurse shows what treatment was carried out and passes the patient records back to the receptionist. The receptionist looks at the work sheet and any other notes and books a follow-up appointment if required or discharge the patient. The receptionist looks up the chart that shows the process of various treatments that is written on a page and tells the patients how much they need to pay. Processing patient payment The customer has the option of paying by cash, by credit card or delaying payment until the end of their treatment where follow-up appointments are needed. If payments are paid she writes paid next to the treatment detail else leaves it blank if it is to be paid later. The receptionist then hand writes a receipt for the payment received and hands it to the patient. The problem The problems with the way the surgery runs at the moment are: 1. When making an appointment for the patient, the receptionist has to go through a whole column of untidy hand written appointments and to look for time slots. This is keeping the patient on the telephone far longer then is necessary. 2. When the surgery is very busy, time is wasted as one receptionist is kept waiting with a patient until the other receptionist has finished using the yearly planner. 3. Client information is sometimes not written down. 4. Records are sometimes left on the receptionist desks. 5. Time is wasted moving records around from the receptionist to the dental nurse to the dental surgeon and back again. 6. Time is looking for records that have not been filed away. 7. Time is wasted when record sheets are sometimes left out of the patients records file. 8. Sometimes appoints are not recorded on the yearly planner. 9. Sometimes the writing is difficult to read. 10. Having to look up a treatment cost item on a page of paper leads to mistakes. 11. A PC was purchased but is not fully utilised (used for word-processing only). Current computer specification: 80386 33Mhz processor 32 Mb RAM 1.44Mb floppy Disk drive EGA graphs adaptor, EGA monitor 100Mb hard disk drive Mouse, Keyboard Windows 95, Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint HP ink jet printer. Problem with this hardware ; software Supplier does, not support software, the motherboard is too slow to run modern software and upgrading with more hard disk and memory is too costly. User Requirements The people that would use the new system are: the two receptionists, the three Dental Surgeons and sometimes the three Dental Nurse. Both receptionists will have the ability to: 1. Register new patients. Check which surgeon has least number of patients? If all full, refer patient to another clinic. Otherwise take down following data for each member of the family being registered: Medical number, full name, gender, age, address, postcode, contact numbers A menu form needs to have a selection button to add new record. Access will be used for this data. 2. Delete patients record if they fail to attend two of the six monthly check-ups. Need to add two six-monthly check indicators. Letters needs to go out to them requesting them to make appointment if its been six months since last check date. Date of last appointment needs to be recorded. 3. Edit patient record. The menu form needs to have a button to update an existing record. Receptionist need to search for a record based on patients full name and be able to select to view full patient details. She can change data and the record must be resaved before they exit. A save exit button is required on the edit patient details form. 4. View patient records using surname. A query menu form button is needed to allow viewing of records by surname. 5. View patients by surgeon. A query menu form button is needed to allow viewing of patients by surgeon. 6. Record payment state (paid, postpone payment, no charge) The patient record needs to have payment field, and amount outstanding, with three options for data. (paid, deferred, free). If amount is paid, a receipt must be printed. 7. A appointment form is required that allows new appoints to be booked, existing appoints to be confirmed, existing appointment to be deleted. The Appointment data record is needed that records, patients name. The record needs to have, surgeon name, date, time with 15 mins intervals. Beginning at 9.00 and ending with 6.00P.M. These should be set defaulted to available, a patient name is entered in this field if appoint is made and reset to available if appointment is cancelled. Appointment menu form must have two options a phone appointment or surgery follow-up appointment. The surgery follow-up appointment must print the appointment card. (This may be better done in spreadsheet, this will not be implemented) 8. View available appointments must show all available time slots at a glance for that day. It needs to show only what is available by surgeon. (Will not be implemented) 9. Training: require short training on how to use the newly developed system. Project Plan. The overall project is to be carried out in three phases, and only phase 1 will be implemented at this time: Phase1 : A single user system for the two receptionist to share. Phase2: A multi user system allowing both receptionists the use of the system at the same time. Phase3: A multi user records access for the dental surgeons. Proposed solution: A small and effective database system is to be developed that can handle the above user requirements. The user requirements 7 and 8 will not be implemented at this stage due to timescales available. Database software options: Access or Excel What are the similarities between excel and Access? * They both have a form view and a table view * They can input data * They can produce tables * They have Form view * They can both do queries * They can add or delete records * They can both have Validation, which is when the computer checks the information being put in the computer is sensible. i.e. if it has 11 spaces for a telephone or mobile number and you enter twelve it wont let you move on. It also changes mistakes if it thinks they are wrong. What are the differences? * In Access you have to chose a field * In access you have to make the first field the key field which is a unique number so that you can not mistake it for anything else * In Access you have wizards to help you create tables, forms, and reports * Access is a relational database which means you can link together tables * In Access its easier to do Mail Merge and produce reports. * Excel specializes in number processing and modeling where as access special in data management. Proposed hardware A suitable specification I think they need is: * 512mb RAM, 80 Gb Hard Drive * 2.8 GHz processor * 56K modem, Keyboard, Mouse * 128Mb 3D Video graphics adaptor, 17 flat screen monitor * Ink jet printer * CD RW drive, 1.44Mb floppy * 100Mbit Ethernet network card. Reasons for choosing this specification: Computer is fast and can run all modern software. Large amount of RAM to allow multiple tasks to be run. CD RW drive allows reliable backing ups of data. Network card will be required for multi user system. A large flat screen monitor is selected to save space in a small reception room. A small ink jet printer is selected because the demand for printing is quite small. Proposed Software Specifications * MS Office 2000 professional software suite MsWord, Excel, PowerPoint, Access, Outlook, * Operating System Windows XP I have chosen Windows XP, as it is the latest of the Windows. It is easy to use, allows multi-access accounts to be setup for different users. Application Suite, as it is cheaper than buying each program separately. It also allows strong data portability between various applications for example, create process models on spreadsheets, Use Access for patients records storage and queries and do Mail Merge with Word for generating payment receipts and printing follow-up appointment card. Access has the additional advantages of being able to validate data, sort data by various options, perform searches, create a standard reports and merge with other packages like a word processor to allow standardized letters. Hardware Options: A lap top and a Desk top similar spec computers were compared to determine the best value. Desktop : Pentathlon Thunderbird ( Supplier: http://www.pentathlondirect.co.uk ) * 266MHz FSB Motherboard with Athlon XP2000 Processor * 64Mbmax Integrated 3D graphics, * 256mb RAM, 40GB, 17 inch monitor * CD Re-Writer , CD-ROM Drive * 56K Modem * 3.5 Floppy Disk Drive * Keyboard , Mouse 3 years parts and labour return to manufacturer. Supplied with original Microsoft XP installation CD and all drivers for Windows 95/98/ME/2000 and XP Price: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 475 including VAT Laptop Supplier: http://www.thelaptopsite.com Reference LAP03-829021 Manufacturer Hewlett Packard Model Evo NX9005 Processor AMD Athlon 2000 Memory 256mb HDD 30gb FDD 1.44 FDD CDROM/DVD DVD/CDRW Operating System Windows XP Professional Display 14.1 tft Condition New Manufacturers Warranty Price: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 799 including VAT I have decided to recommend a desktop tower computer rather then a lap top because: Desktop comes with a larger screen size, it can be placed on the floor under the desk and out of sight; it is much cheaper then a similar spec laptop. The price of the desktop recommended will be approximately à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1200. DESIGN All forms will be designed in this style. This will ensure everything looks similar for the user. Item Text details Text Position Colour Background Main Heading Font:20:Italic:Bold Centered Blue Form colour Labels Font: 14: Bold Left aligned Black Form colour Buttons Font:12:Bold Centre Black grey Forms N/A N/A N/A Dark Cyan background Compulsory data Font:12: Left Black Light orange Optional data Font:12 Left Black Light green Diagram showing the major components of the inputs and outputs User FORMS Design: Query1. Purpose: View patients belonging to a specified surgeon. Input: Surgeon name Process: Query database to look all patients against name given. Output: shows gender, forename, surname, contact numbers for all patients found. Query 2. View patient details. Input: Patient forename and surname Process: Query database to look for all patients against forename and surname. Output: Show full record details about the patient Pressing new patient Button brings up this form Database design New patient record Field Name Type Length Required Indexed Validation Duplicates Record ID Auto Number Primary key Yes No No No Medical No text 20 chars Yes No No No Gender text 1 char Yes No M/F Yes Forename text 20chars Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Surname text 20 char Yes Yes Type Check (cap first letter) Yes House No text 10 char Yes No No Yes Address1 text 50 chars Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Address2 text 20 char Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Address3 text 20 char Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Address 4 text 20 char Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Post code text 9 char Yes No Type Check (ccnn ccnn) yes Day time No text 12 char Yes No Character check Yes Mobile No text 12 char Yes No Character Check Yes DOB Date 10 char Yes No Type Check Yes Last appointment Date 10 char Yes No Type Check Yes Expiry date date 10 Char Yes No Type Check Yes Reminder status Text 1 char Yes No Y/N Yes Payment status Text 10 chars Yes No Paid, Defer, Free Yes Amount due Currency Integer No Yes Type Check Yes Surgeons table Field Name Type Length Required Indexed Validation Duplicates Surgeon ID Auto Number Primary key Yes No N/A No Title Text 4 char Yes No Dr, Mr, Mrs, Miss Yes Forename Text 20 Char Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Surname Text 20 Char Yes Yes Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Address1 Text 50 Char Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Address2 Text 20 Char Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Address3 Text 20 Char Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Address4 Text 20 Char Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Post Code Text 9 Char Yes No Type Check (ccnn ccnn) Yes Home No Text 12 char Yes No Character Check Yes Mob No Text 12 char Yes No Character Check Yes Surgery Table Field Name Type Length Required Indexed Validation Duplicates Patient ID Number Long Integer Yes Yes field key No Surgeon ID Number Long Integer Yes Yes field key No Diagram showing how the tables are linked together by key fields. Appendix A Questions for the interview 1. When patients joins the clinic what information do you record.? 2. When patient makes an appointment what information do you take down? 3. When patient arrives for his treatment, how do you note who is waiting for which surgeon? 4. When a person needs a follow-up appointment what do you record? 5. What additional tasks do you perform for a follow-up appointment? 6. How do you record information about patient payments of treatment? 7. What difficulties do you experience when you become very busy? 8. What happens to patients that you cannot deal with? 9. How do you track patients for different surgeons? 10. How many people are there working at the surgery? 11. How do you know how much to charge for different treatments? 12. Do patients cancel appoints? 13. What happens when they do this? Appendix B Answers given at interview A.1 When a new patients comes to register with us, we know the number of new patients that each surgeon will take. If they can take on new patients, then, we ask them to fill in a form about their medical details otherwise we refer them to another dental surgery. We then check the form and ask them to sign their declaration. We ask for their medical card and record the number as well as their names and address details. We also ask for details about their family members and their details. A.2 We take down their first name and surname and record it in our appointment planner against the surgeons name and time of appointment. The planner allows us to make appointments every 15 mins. A3. Yes, when a patient arrives, they usually say the time of their appointment and their name. We write a tick against their name, which indicates they are wait in reception. A4. We do the same as we did before as if the patient is making a new appointment but we know their name and surgeons name so simply agree on suitable time? A5. When we agree on the appointment time and day, we fill in a appoint card with the date and time details and hand it to the patient. We also ask about them to see if they wish to pay today or pay for everything at the end of the treatment. Most patients prefer to pay as treatment is being carried out. Some do decide they will pay the total amount at the end. We also have patients that dont have to pay if they are on job seeker allowance or social security benefit. A6. We make a note on the treatment card, if they have paid or deferred payment or no charge. If they pay we write out a receipt for them. A7. I find it very frustrating when we have people making queries and we have to wait for the appointment planner to be freed up before we can deal with the patient. We sometimes spend time looking for patient sheets in the filing cabinet which one of us has not filed and may be lying on the desk. Sometimes we dont get the treatment sheet and have to ask the dental nurse to look for it the surgeons treatment room and the customer is kept waiting. A8. The dental surgeon refers the patient to the specialist clinic. This involves writing to the clinic and requesting an appointment. It can three to four weeks for the appointment to come. A9. We file each patient records in different filing cabinet and on the planner we write down the name of the surgeon so that his patients are under his named column. A10. There are the three surgeons, three medical nurse and two of us at reception. A11. We have a list of treatments and prices against them. The surgeon writes down what treatment he has carried out and calculates the total. A12/13. Yes, quite often, all we do is put a diagonal line across it and make a new appointment. If they cancel before 48 hours, we do not charge them, otherwise we charge them à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20. Appendix C Notes taken during observation Observing the surgeon: Receptionist takes the notes from the filing cabinet and passes it to the nurse. The surgeon checks his last notes. The nurse calls the patient in. The treatment is carried out and the surgeon writes, the treatment he carried out and indicates if follow-up appointment is needed, he makes a brief notes about what he needs to do next time. The patient leaves the treatment room and the nurse returns the patient file to the receptionist desk. The next patient is the called in. Observing the Dental Nurse: Dental nurses are only involved in fetching and returning the patients records to and from the surgeon and assisting the surgeon. They do not write anything on the patients notes. Observing the Receptionist: Confirmed what the receptionist said she did with customer handling process. All information given during the interview was correct. Also observed the time wasted when the clinic becomes busy and how frustrated they become having to share a single appointment planner. The times they take to write out the receipt and appointment card is quite effective, but it takes a lower priority to ensuring surgeons receives the patients records and are not waiting. This means keeping the customer waiting longer then is necessary. Customer are frequently kept waiting as they try to pay for treatment or make follow-up appointments. New people arriving are given higher priority.

Sample High School Essays

Sample High School EssaysA sample essay for high school is one of the best ways to practice writing a standard essay for college. Most high schools these days use this sample as a basic guide for an essay question and one of the most important parts of a student's yearbook. Students that take this course will come away with an understanding of how to structure their own high school essay question.As a parent, it is up to you to create an essay that your child will be proud to have in his or her yearbook. And while it may seem overwhelming to write a good essay for high school, with the right steps, any parent can write a compelling essay for the high school years.An individual who is beginning to write a high school essay should begin by finding a good example of an essay that has been used in high school. This could mean searching through the yearbooks of a few different schools or reviewing the college books that the student uses.Once an individual has chosen a sample essay, he or she should begin by researching different high schools in the state. The goal is to see how the style of writing is carried out and whether the student's writing is of a good standard.Taking the time to do research about the different high schools, as well as gathering the right information about the student's personality, academic standing, and extracurricular activities, will help a parent and teacher to create a style of writing that is specific to the student. The more research done, the better prepared the writer will be for what to include in the essay.If a child already has an essay due for the school year, it may be helpful to simply write the essay as a summary. This way, the student does not need to worry about writing the entire piece. One can easily have an outline of what should be included in the essay by compiling all of the needed information into one page.In order to avoid any grammatical errors, the parent should hire a professional to proofread the student's writi ng before it is completed. The best idea is to let the student finish the essay, so that the parent can have access to the work to check for spelling and grammar mistakes.The purpose of sample high school essays is to help a student gain a great deal of experience in writing a high school essay. As a parent, the best way to get the most out of a high school yearbook is to provide the student with an excellent high school essay to write.

Biography of French Pirate François L’Olonnais

Biography of French Pirate Franà §ois L’Olonnais Franà §ois L’Olonnais (1635-1668) was a French buccaneer, pirate, and privateer who attacked ships and towns – mostly Spanish – in the 1660s. His hatred for the Spanish was legendary and he was known as a particularly bloodthirsty and ruthless pirate. His savage life came to a savage end: he was killed and reportedly eaten by cannibals somewhere in the Gulf of Darien. Franà §ois L’Olonnais, Buccaneer Francois LOlonnais was born in France sometime around 1635 in the seaside town of Les Sables-dOlonne (the Sands of Ollone). As a young man, he was taken to the Caribbean as an indentured servant. After having served his indenture, he made his way to the wilds of the island of Hispaniola, where he joined the famous buccaneers. These rough men hunted wild game in the jungles and cooked it over a special fire called a boucan (hence the name boucaniers, or buccaneers). They made a rough living by selling the meat, but they were also not above the occasional act of piracy. Young Franà §ois fit right in: he had found his home. A Cruel Privateer France and Spain fought frequently during L’Olonnais’ lifetime, most notably the 1667-1668 War of Devolution. The French Governor of Tortuga outfitted some privateering missions to attack Spanish ships and towns. Franà §ois was among the vicious buccaneers hired for these attacks, and he soon proved himself an able seaman and fierce fighter. After two or three expeditions, the Governor of Tortuga gave him his own ship. L’Olonnais, now a captain, continued attacking Spanish shipping and acquired a reputation for cruelty so great that the Spanish often preferred to die fighting than to suffer torture as one of his captives. A Close Escape L’Olonnais may have been cruel, but he was also clever. Sometime in 1667, his ship was destroyed off the western coast of the Yucatan. Although he and his men survived, the Spanish discovered them and massacred most of them. L’Olonnais rolled in blood and sand and lay still among the dead until the Spanish left. He then disguised himself as a Spaniard and made his way to Campeche, where the Spanish were celebrating the death of the hated L’Olonnais. He persuaded a handful of slaves to help him escape: together they made their way to Tortuga. L’Olonnais was able to get some men and two small ships there: he was back in business. The Maracaibo Raid The incident fanned LOlonnais hatred of the Spanish into a blaze. He sailed to Cuba, hoping to sack the town of Cayos: the Governor of Havana heard he was coming and sent a ten-gun warship to defeat him. Instead, LOlonnais and his men caught the warship unawares and captured it. He massacred the crew, leaving alive only one man to carry a message back to the Governor: no quarter for any Spaniards LOlonnais encountered. He returned to Tortuga and in September of 1667 he took a small fleet of 8 ships and attacked the Spanish towns around Lake Maracaibo. He tortured the prisoners to make them tell him where they had hidden their treasure. The raid was a huge score for LOlonnais, who was able to split some 260,000 Pieces-of-eight among his men. Soon, it was all spent in the taverns and whorehouses of Port Royal and Tortuga. L’Olonnais’ Final Raid In early 1668, L’Olonnais was ready to return to the Spanish Main. He rounded up some 700 fearsome buccaneers and set sail. They plundered along the Central American coast and even marched inland to sack San Pedro in present-day Honduras. In spite of his ruthless questioning of prisoners – on one instance he ripped out a captive’s heart and gnawed on it – the raid was a failure. He captured a Spanish galleon off of Trujillo, but there was not much loot. His fellow captains decided the venture was a bust and left him alone with his own ship and men, of which there were about 400. They sailed south but were shipwrecked off of Punta Mono. The Death of Franà §ois L’Olonnais L’Olonnais and his men were tough buccaneers, but once shipwrecked they were battled constantly by the Spanish and the local natives. The number of survivors dwindled steadily. L’Olonnais attempted an attack on the Spanish up the San Juan River, but they were repulsed. L’Olonnais took a handful of survivors with him and set sail on a small raft they had built, heading south. Somewhere in the Gulf of Darien these men were attacked by natives. Only one man survived: according to him, L’Olonnais was captured, hacked to pieces, cooked over a fire and eaten. Legacy of Franà §ois L’Olonnais LOlonnais was very well known in his time, and greatly feared by the Spanish, who understandably loathed him. He would probably be better known today if he had not been closely followed in history by Henry Morgan, Greatest of the Privateers, who was, if anything, even harder on the Spanish. Morgan would, in fact, take a page from LOlonnais book in 1668 when he raided the still-recovering Lake Maracaibo. One other difference: whereas Morgan was beloved by the English who saw him as a hero (he was even knighted), Franà §ois LOlonnais was never greatly revered in his native France. LOlonnais serves as a reminder of the reality of piracy: unlike what the movies show, he was no noble prince looking to clear his good name, but a sadistic monster who thought nothing of mass murder if it gained him an ounce of gold. Most real pirates were more like LOlonnais, who found that being a good sailor and charismatic leader with a vicious streak could get him far in the world of piracy. Sources: Exquemalin, Alexandre. The Buccaneers of America. Online edition from the Harvard University Library.Konstam, Angus. The World Atlas of Pirates. Guilford: the Lyons Press, 2009