The Evolution of a Horse Essay - 924 Words

The Evolution of a Horse Throughout history, humans have depended on the horse. Horses have contributed to the growth of humankind as transportation, farm workers, and battle steeds. They have been trained to support humans in many ways. When did this relationship begin? At what point did the horse become a vital part of human society? Exploring the evolution of the horse can help to answer these questions. A mammal with hooves that have an odd number of toes on the rear feet are known as odd-toed ungulates. The middle toe on each rear hoof is usually larger than the ones next to them. Horses are members of the odd-toed ungulates which includes the horses, tapirs, and rhinoceroses. They are relatively large grazing animals with†¦show more content†¦Four of the toes had early proto-hooves. The back legs had small hooves on three of the five toes. The toes were padded like a dog’s toes. The Hyracotherium had three incisors, one canine, four premolars, and thr ee grinding molars on each jaw, which was a typical tooth structure of early mammals who were omnivorous browsers (Hunt 4). Eohippus survived for about twenty million years with relatively few evolutionary changes (Wikipedia 7). These animals lived in a sub-tropical climate and ate soft fruits and the leaves of trees. During the middle to late Eocene and into the Oligocene epoch several other members of the equids, with distinct evolutionary changes, existed including the Orohippus, Epihippus, Mesohippus, and Miohippus. The Orohippus developed from the Hyracotherium and shared many of the same traits. One major change was that the first and second toes disappeared. Another significant change occurred in the teeth. The last premolar changed to become like a grinding molar. Also the crests were more defined showing that the Orohippus’s diet had changed to a tougher plant material. During the middle Eocene a descendant of Orohippus appeared. The Epihippus still resembled a dog-like animal. It had four padded toes on the front leg, and three on the back leg. However, the teeth changed more drastically with two of the premolars changing to grinding molars. Now there were five grinding cheek teeth with low crowns. AsShow MoreRelatedEssay on evolution of the horse732 Words   |  3 P agesevolution of the horse #65279;For many people, the horse family remains the classic example of evolution. As more and more horse fossils have been found, some ideas about horse evolution have changed, but the horse family remains a good example of evolution. In fact, we now have enough fossils of enough species in enough genera to examine details of evolutionary change. Evolution does not occur in a straight line toward a goal, like a ladder; rather, evolution is like a branchingRead MorePhysiological Evolution of the Horse1095 Words   |  4 PagesHorse: Evolution The first ancestors of the modern horse bore little resemblance to the large, powerful domesticated animals of today. The very earliest ancestor of the horse would have resembled in its appearance the modern-day dog and had many omnivorous rather than herbivorous features, such as its tooth construction and density and its propensity for browsing or foraging. Hyracotherium (or eohippus) measured about 10 inches at the shoulder and had an arched back, short neck, short snout,Read MoreLife Is Fine1630 Words   |  7 PagesGRADE 12 LIFE SCIENCES (new content framework) Exemplar Assignment: Evolution - evidence MAY 2011 MARKS: 70 TIME: 1 hour 10 minutes This assignment consists of 10 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION Read the following instructions carefully before answering the questions. 1. 2. 3. 4. Answer ALL the questions. Write ALL the answers on your ANSWER SHEET. Start EACH question on a NEW page. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system usedRead MoreWhy Evolution Is True?1079 Words   |  5 PagesWhy is Evolution True Essay - Final Over the past few centuries, humans have been questioning and debating over what makes evolution true. In Jerry Coyne’s work, Why Evolution is True, he noted two kinds of evidence from Darwin’s theory of evolution. The first evidence includes the six testable predictions of evolution: evolution, gradualism, speciation, common-ancestry, natural selection, and nonselective mechanisms of evolutionary change. The second evidence that Coyne noted in his work is theRead MoreEssay about Evidence for Evolution920 Words   |  4 Pages Evolution and Diversity†¨ Evolution and Diversity The foundation for the theory of evolution was laid by Charles Darwin (Rose, n.d.). He developed hypotheses about natural selection which helped scientists develop the theory. Evolution is a theory and not a hypothesis because evolution has been proven by vast amounts of scientific data, research, and testing. The definition of a hypothesis is an educated explanation that needs to be researched and tested but has not yetRead MoreEssay about Life Science615 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Lab Assignment #2 (Horse Evolution)† Through fossil records from Hyracotherium to Mesohippus to Merychippus to Pleshippus to the Equus, one can see the development of dentition, limbs and skull based on the environment that the horses adapted to with time. Environmental changes from the Eocene to the Holocene brought about natural selection as the horses’ initial characteristics could not adapt. In order to survive, horses evolved traits such as stronger limbs, tougher teeth and others that bestRead More The Design of Life - God or Evolution? Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesThe Design of Life - God or Evolution? Life has indeed been designed, but by whom or what is the central controversy. Creationists believe it was an intelligent designer, namely, God; evolutionists believe it was a driving force of nature, namely, natural selection. Natural selection works when life forms with advantageous survival traits live long enough to breed, therefore passing on those traits to the next generation. Life forms with weaker traits die before breeding, and therefore disappearRead MoreCharles Darwin And The Theory Of Evolution1470 Words   |  6 Pagesbook, School notes and any other reliable sources of information. All of these have to be referenced correctly. Please present Q 2 onwards as an essay style. Darwin and Evolution –Nick deluca Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution through natural selection It’s been over a century since Darwin presented his Theory of Evolution through natural selection and it continues to scandalise many people. Using a scientific approach, Darwin argued that species evolve to suit their environments. In 1831Read MoreDarwin and Lamarckian Theory of Evolution1087 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Evolution is the idea of a living organism adapting or mutating to gain beneficial physiological, psychological and structural features. The genetic makeup of all living things is constantly changing, due to DNA replication errors or outside factors, some of these changes impact drastically on the organism changing it for the better or worse. Typically when an organisms genetic code is changed for the better and it reproduces and outlives its unchanged counterparts this process is calledRead MoreThe Adaptation Of Donkey By Jean Baptiste Lamarck And Alfred Russel Wallace1297 Words   |  6 PagesDarwin, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Alfred Russel Wallace among others who studied evolution have suggested that all organisms evolved from simpler forms to the more complex forms that exist today. They base their evidence on environmental and climatic changes. Charles Darwin claims that as the environment and climate change, so do the organisms in the affected region (Jackson Groves, 2015). T he main idea of evolution is so that the animals may be able to cope with the current conditions. If the organisms’

The Devil in the Shape of a Woman by Carol Karlsen Essay...

The Devil in the Shape of a Woman by Carol Karlsen Carol Karlsen was born in 1940. She is currently a professor in the history department a the University of Michigan. A graduate of Yale University (Ph.D, 1980), she has taught history and women’s study courses at Union College and Bard College. In this book Carol Karlsen reveals the social construction of witchcraft in 17th century New England, and brings forth the portrait of gender in the New England Society. The books thesis is based on why a person was accused of being a witch and the relative circumstances thereof. Marital status, sex, community standing, wealth, and relationships with others all play an important part of a person chances of being accused of being a witch.†¦show more content†¦Even though these laws were written to be fair to all, the magistrates and clergy delegated punishment by who was being punished. This type of reasoning was typical in New England, and set the stage for the witch trials. The content of The Devil in the Shape of a Woman is broken down into sections, by time and place. There are several charts in the book showing the relationship of gender, age, wealth and place on how an accused witch was treated. Most show that women were targeted at a greater extent than anybody. Most observers now agree that witches in the villages and towns of the late Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century New England tended to be poor. They were usually not the poorest women in the community, but the moderately poor. Karlsen tries to show that a woman who was vulnerable was most likely to be accused of being a witch. Even women who had gained wealth because of the death of a husband were prime candidates. Promiscuity was also known to be a reason for being accused accused of witchery. Marital problems often led to a disgruntled husband screaming witch. A woman who could not conceive a child, or one who would not give into her husband’s wishes could easily be accused. Karlsen touches on the events leading up to the witch trials of Salem in almost every chapter. The events which led to the witch trial actually occurred in what isShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Devil On The Shape Of A Woman By Carol Karlsen Essay1637 Words   |  7 PagesConversely, Carol Karlsen who was a Professor of History and Women’s Studies at the University of Michigan had a different take on the trials. Karlsen wrote The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England in 1987, a book examining the role of women in the Salem Witch Trials. Karlsen was â€Å"concerned with the meaning of witchcraft for New England’s first settlers†¦ and why most witches in early American society were women.† Karlsen obviously felt that there was a disparity ofRead More Comparing Salem Possessed by Paul Boyer, The Story of the Salem Witch Trials by Bryan Le Beau, and Devil in the Shape of a Woman by Carol Karlsen1819 Words   |  8 Page s and The Devil in the Shape of a Woman by Carol Karlsen The Salem Witch Trials of 1692 spread just about as fast as the Black Plague. This epidemic caused chaos among neighbors in a community. The chronology of events describes an awful time for colonists from June 10th to September 22nd of that year. The books Salem Possessed by Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum, The Story of the Salem Witch Trials by Bryan Le Beau, and The Devil in the Shape of a Woman by Carol Karlsen all describeRead MoreCarol Karlsen s The Devil1692 Words   |  7 PagesName Class Professor June 22, 2015 Carol Karlsen s The Devil in the Shape of a Woman† Carol Karlsen s The Devil in the Shape of a Woman† was written to provide the reader with an understanding of the role of the â€Å"witch† in colonial New England. During the early colonial period, pilgrims lived in a male-dominated society and the classical witch hunts were conducted in an attempt to maintain this societal structure. Since these hunts were placed under a religious guise, it was simple for theseRead More Witches Essay1357 Words   |  6 Pages The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: A Review Karlsen, Carol F. The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England. New York: Vintage, 1987.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The Devil in the Shape of a Woman by Carol Karlsen takes a closer look at the females being accused of witchcraft in colonial New England. American history has few subjects as interesting as witchcraft, because it confronts us with many different ideas about women. It confronts usRead MoreThe Witchcraft Crisis Through Colonial New England1419 Words   |  6 PagesThe witchcraft crisis through colonial New England is visualized through the work of Mary Beth Norton and Carol F. Karlsen. The scholars demonstrate deep understanding in the subject, and both present valid information through their overall theses. In order to understand the complete story of witchery in the seventeenth-century, these two books intrigue the reader in what the authors want to present. Although, their research seems bias, both historians similarly delve into the topic with an openRead More Salem Witchcraft Essay2617 Words   |  11 Pagesdecided to condemn the people around them as witches and why they did w hat they did to one another. Carol Karlsen in her book The Devil in the Shape of a Woman and Bernard Rosenthal in Salem Story give several factors, ranging from woman hunting to shear malice, that help explain why the Salem trials took place and why they reached the magnitude that they did. The theories put fourth by Karlsen of a society that accusations against women as witches explain the trail, and Rosenthals ideas of discourseRead More The Devil in the Shape of a woman Essay734 Words   |  3 Pages The Devil in the Shape of a Woman â€Å"The Devil in the Shape of a Woman† was an excellent book that focuses on the unjusts that have been done to women in the name of witchcraft in Salem, and many other areas as well. It goes over statistical data surrounding gender, property inherence, and the perceptions of women in colonial New England. Unlike the other studies of colonial witchcraft, this book examines it as a whole, other then the usual Salem outbreaks in the late 17th century. To completelyRead MoreThe Role of Young Women in the Salem Witch Trials Essay examples1329 Words   |  6 Pageswitchcraft is defines as the practice of magic intended to influence nature. It is believed that only people associated with the devil can perform such acts. The Salem Witch Trials was much more than just America’s history, it’s also part of the history of women. The story of witchcraft is first and foremost the story of women. Especially in its western life, Karlsen (1989) noted that â€Å"witchcraft challenges us with ideas about women, with fears about women, with the place of women in society andRead MoreEssay about Gender Politics in the US Criminal Justice System1736 Words   |  7 Pagespublic and private. Once a woman crosses over into the public sphere, by doing something as simple as drinking, she is punished and sent away to be to the private world of prison. This struggle still exists in modern day. Because of the equal rights movement many p eople would consider women to receive the same punishment for the same crime as a man, however, this is anything but true. Women will either receive lesser or harsher punishment depending on their crime. If a woman has committed a minor offenseRead MoreEssay on Salem Witch Trials1396 Words   |  6 Pageswitches and the devil. During the seventeenth century, people were executed for being witches and follower of Satan. Most of these executions were performed in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. Mostly all of the accused were women, which makes some modern historians believe that the charges of witchcraft were a way of controlling the women who threatened the power of the men. During the witchcraft trials, hundreds of arrests were made, and some were even put to death on Gallow’s Hill (Karlsen 145). In 1698

Luther Standing Bear, A Native American Author,...

Luther Standing Bear was a Native American author, philosopher and actor. Luther Standing Bear was a master at using rhetoric, because with it, he benefits not only his people, but also the human identity. Luther Standing Bear contributed all of his efforts to get the Native Americans a place in a world that was no longer theirs. Luther Standing Bear is a pioneer in what would eventually become a movement for Civil Rights. The ideas that he was using did not involve insults but rather, pointed out views that others hadn t seen or thought of before. Instead of using hatred and insults, he used his wisdom and his life experiences to express his views on the world, and why big changes had to be executed immediately. Standing Bear uses the opportune moment in the early 20th century, while civil rights was at its infancy to persuade the white man that the Indian was no different than he was. Luther Standing bear was born in 1868, on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota. Luther Standing Bear s real name was Ota K’te (Plenty Kill). For the first eleven years of his life, Standing Bear was taught the traditional ways of the Lakota. This meant that he learned how to hunt at a young age; he also learned the tales and the language of his people. Being taught the ways of the Lakota, Standing Bear would soon be introduced to world that made it impossible for the Indian to survive. This was because at the time Native Americans were not given the same opportunities as an averageShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesdistribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical Reasoning or its author endorse you or your use of the work). (2) Noncommercial You may not use this work for commercial purposes (for example, by inserting passages into a book that is sold toRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesThree Ethical Decision Criteria 187 †¢ Improving Creativity in Decision Making 188 Summary and Implications for Managers 190 S A S A S A L L L Self-Assessment Library What Are My Gender Role Perceptions? 166 glOBalization! Chinese Time, North American Time 171 Myth or Science? Creative Decision Making Is a Right-Brain Activity 181 Self-Assessment Library Am I A Deliberate Decision Maker? 183 An Ethical Choice Whose Ethical Standards to Follow? 185 Self-Assessment Library How Creative Am I? 190Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesservice purchase, he or she tells six other potential buyers. In contrast, a dissatisfied consumer informs 25 other potential buyers. That is the leverage of quality in shaping consumer sentiment, which is vital in powering the two-thirds of the American economy that is consumer-driven. Therefore, as companies again go back to the business basics, this is a reminder of the most fundamental of those basics: Company managers need to recognize that a business’s income comes from its customers, not from

My First Day Of School - 917 Words

Since September, my AP Language experience has drastically changed paths many times. This class has challenged me mentally, yet is not the hardest and most challenging thing I have ever done. I came into the year, and the class, with a relatively open-mind, but majorly underestimated my writing abilities. Since that ill-fated September day, the first day of school, I have gained an exceptional amount of confidence when it comes to my writing abilities. Needless to say, I definitely feel challenged this year, which was much overdue. It was an adjustment from just being able to whip up an essay up from nothing, to having to critically think about what I was writing. This year, has definitely pushed me as a writer, and I feel as though I have gained a vast repertoire of writing strategies. Overall, I would rank the class at a medium level of difficulty, as I do not find it easy, but it is also not impossible. In terms of overall experiences, I am beyond satisfied with my growth and the time that is devoted to developing our skills. I was elated beyond belief when I started the year out at a 6/9, because I had doubted my abilities and did not think that was remotely achievable. Additionally, the amount of time and practice that we do to develop and maintain new skills is phenomenal, because it allows me to use all the new techniques in my everyday writing. Over the course of first semester, I have discovered my true writing strengths and vices. As far as strengths, I feel asShow MoreRelatedMy First Day At School837 Words   |  4 Pageshard push on my side. Slowly I opened my eyes. I just see the sun’s rays creep through my windows and flash me right in my eyes. Slowly I got used to the light. I finally got up and could open my eyes fully. I hear my mom yell get up it’s your first day of school. I Got up took a shower, got dressed, ate my breakfast, and I was out the door on my way to school. I live in Ohio where it usually rains a lot and today it was a very sunny beautiful day. I got to school. It was my first day of middle schoolRead MoreMy First Day Of School838 Words   |  4 PagesIt was sunny Monday morning, soon to be my first day of school. I remember having a mild anxiety. I found myself swept away by fear as I approach the main entrance. The thought of leaving my home to acquire education seemed like nonsense for my 4 years old self. Since it was my first day of school my parents had to stay with me to make me comfortable. Being nervous, I passed through the main entrance. I saw a couple of kids playing with their small trucks in the playground and others were runningRead MoreMy First Day Of School Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesIn elementary school, I had two best-loved teachers. My kindergarten teacher, Dr. Barron had the kindest heart. My first day of school, I scarcely remember her greeting each student with a friendly smile. That first day we learned her class song. â€Å"Dr. Barron’s bunnies come to school every day, school every d ay, school every day†. Throughout the remaining years in elementary school, I would visit her class for a friendly conversation. My second favorite teacher in elementary school was Mrs. JacobsonRead MoreMy First Day Of School Essay966 Words   |  4 PagesThe first day of school is nerve-wracking for most people, for me, the first day was especially terrifying. The first day of a college class is probably more crazy than all others. My mom and younger sister, Michaela, were busy taking pictures as I attempted to run out of the door. After being homeschooled for the last six years, I knew it would be a much different experience. I had been in my room alone doing school; I was content with where I was. The morning of the first day of class, I was soRead MoreMy First Day Of School1607 Words   |  7 PagesWhen I woke up this morning, I was very nervous my first day of school, usually, I get taught at home so I don’t understand much, going to this public school is going t o put a new perspective in my life. When I open my little wooden door with my tinny bunnys hands, I walked to the bus in the background, I heard my mom and dad and little sister saying, â€Å"good luck on your first day.† I just gave a little wave back and blew a kiss. When I looked around I felt alone, the birds chirping with suchRead MoreMy First Day Of School1682 Words   |  7 Pagesyour day off with a two mile walk in the heat. Finally, you get to the small, one room schoolhouse, and it has no air conditioning. Everyone around you is so much taller than you, meaning they are probably a lot older than you as well. The teacher looks at you and tells you to take a seat, but all you want to do is turn around and be anywhere else but there. Seems a little scary, right? Well this is how my grandma’s first day of school went. This is nothing like a typical first day of school for kidsRead MoreMy First Day Of School Essay1544 Words   |  7 PagesWe met during our second last year of high school. Back then, I had transferred to Richmond High from my old school, Churchill, to study in the IB program they offered. I was quite looking forward to it, actually. I felt that the past years of my life had been wasted on social life and boys who just disappointed me at the end. Moving to a new school was a way to break free, to start anew and focus on something different for a change. Studies. That’s right, I was going to focus on studies. PlusRead MoreMy First Day At School774 Words   |  4 Pages My time at Life School was very eventful, and I will remember them for the rest of my life. My first day at life school was very eventful though i made a name for myself. I started at Life School Lancaster in the third grade, and i came about a month after school started because i transferred from a different school. I got into trouble and they gave me a tally which is just something to show you did something they didnt like. At first i thought i was getting kicked out, but through time i learnedRead MoreMy First Day At School733 Words   |  3 Pagesbecause it was my first day of school. First I went to take a shower; I thought, â€Å"What I would do in school today, who will be my teachers. Then I walked to the bus stop people looked at me like Im not from this planet. I sat on a tree trunk waiting for the bus. The bus arrived after 15 minutes, I aboard the bus. The driver was a woman she was wearing a black shirt and brown pants. She told me â€Å" Do you have the paper that sh ows that you have permission to go to school in a school bus† I stared atRead MoreMy First Day Of School1280 Words   |  6 PagesHigh school first day drama My first day of highschool changed my identity through new environments new teachers new friends and new standards. On the first day of school I woke up to my blaring alarm â€Å"beep beep beep beep†. After I hit the snooze button it was 6:00 and realized the summer was over and new school had started. I had not worried much about this day but today was different. I had the stomach bug I felt as though I was going to throw up. The sun was just waking up throwing vibrant colors

Human Resource Management for Organisation - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHuman Resource Management Practicesfor Organisation. Answer: Introduction Human resource management is a very important department in the organization that facilitates the skilled and talented candidates or resources to the organisation. The workforce is a crucial part of any business which makes it a success and failure in the organisation (Meifert, 2014). Therefore, human resource management is a vital area that should be explored to develop a profound understanding about its significance in the organisation. Furthermore, this research paper explains the role human resource management in ensuring the value added facilities to the organization that helps it in. Human resource management also maintains and retains the employees to improve the productivity and performance of the organisation. Human Resource Management Practices that adds values in an Organisation Every company has a huge value of employees as a resource which is the most valuable asset for the organisation (Baron and Armstrong, 2007). The human resource management is responsible for many of the functions in the organisation. The professionals and experts support in maintaining the workforce in an organisation by motivating and creating a favourable environment for the employees. Not only this, human resource managers are responsible for the encouragement of the employees so that they can improve their performance and help them to understand the organisational culture by sustaining the ethics and high morals. The organisations fundamentals are being managed and well performed by strategic management implemented by the human resource management thatdevelops and build the strong base for functional areas (Banfield and Kay, 2012). It has been found overtime that there is a reflective connection between the people who works in the organisation and performance achieved by the organ isation. The direct link of the performance and employees creates a thoughtful insight on the significant role of the human resource management. Hiring people that can ensure the long term success of the organisation is very important in this context. Furthermore, financial performance of the organisation has a correlation with the motivation and employees engagement in the organisation (Baron and Armstrong, 2007). Along with this, to motivate employees for better performance it needs a driving force such as reward system and appraisal system that helps in encouraging employees for better performance. The skilled and talented employees are asset for the organisation and basis of profitability in the organisation (Mayo, 2016). Thus, it is also important for an organisation to focus on the recruitment and selection process of the organisation. In addition to this, the human resource management is responsible to plan, entice, select, recruit, motivate and retain the high skilled and experienced employees. Experienced employees are very crucial resource of an organisation which supports the company in achieving its goal and objectives with pure dedication and involvement (Mayo, 2016). The decision making process also affects with the engagement of such employees in the internal matters of the company. Apart from this, a flexible and suitable job designing and hiring process is being created by the human resource management which facilitates the organisation with the right employee for the right kind of work. Similarly, hiring process entails various stages such as screening and interv iew process, training and orientation program and introduction of new and exciting compensation program for the employees that help them in motivating and do work with full dedication (Stredwick, 2013). For successful measurement of the employees performance there are certain tools and techniques that are used to evaluate the skill and performance of the employees. Nevertheless, human resource management helps the company by providing legal shield to the organisation and adding value to the image of the company. Human resource managers also have a duty to protect the organisation in case of wrongful lawsuits and discriminations (Andresen and Nowak, 2014). They are accountable in relation to the any legal information or rules and education about law is being articulated among the managers and company executives. The organisational culture is also highly affected by the way human resource management behaves and take care of its employees. Thus, human resource management needs to integrate a hire system that promotes and enhances the credibility and equality in the organisation. Similarly, the role of human resource management becomes crucial when the diversified workforce involved in the organisation and maintaining them without any discrimination and fairness becomes duty of HR managers (Stredwick, 2013). The process of recruitment should also be based on such a manner that no candidate feel like discriminated and targeted. Thus, it is essential for an organisation to manage the diversificati on in the organisation through effective and strong human resource management so that no discrimination claim can be made by any of the employee. The HR strategies also play an imperial role in the assessment of strength and weakness of the organisation along with determination of possible threats and opportunities in the market. The strategic planning of the organisation is also being made by the management of human resource so that according to the requirement workforce can be prepared for the competitive environment. Proper training and development programmes and negotiation on compensation with strategic planning for future expectation has also been facilitated by the human resource management of the organisation. It is responsible to build a strong relationship between the employer and employees by improving the work condition and satisfaction within the employees. Building a strong relationship management helps the organisation in increasing the involvement of employees and en hances the communication efficiently in the organisation. The organisation supports the communication properly which impacts the innovation and creativity level of the organisation (Stredwick, 2013). Besides that, human resource management inspire employees to build a strong skilled and professional expertise for self education purpose as well as for organisation that makes it more convenient for the management to engage employees in organisational operations. The development of employees is being the primary focus for the mangers so that the company have the precious understanding and knowledge resource as workforce that can help the company in growing and expanding around the world (Horton, 2002). Furthermore, human resource management add the positive environment in the organisations culture by catering the needs and requirements of the employees. The employees satisfaction is essential to work with optimum dedication and perform better in the future. Thus training and orientation program also helps the company enhancing the value of the organisation (Andresen and Nowak, 2014). Hence, these basic functions and role of the human resource management provide a valuable support to the organisation that literally helps it in reaching its goals and objectives. Increasing profitability by improving performance of the workforce is proficiently involves various methods that has been executed by the human resource management. Besides this, human resource managements the internal policies and other human resource standard areas are highly influenced by the customers point of view (Andresen and Nowak, 2015). Their performance reviews, reward decision and promotion criterias are often in many cases directly related with the customers remarks. It also enhances the level of economic literacy as mangers emphasis on the skills and knowledge of the employee and makes big decision and policies according to it. The HR department also impacts on the capability of risk taking as it controls the high capabilities to encourage the individuals of the organisations and change the management according to the requirement (Andresen and Nowak, 2015). Lastly, the human resource management develops the principle leaders that encourage employees to operate and function ethically and incorporate the culture of the organisation seriously that lead to long term success. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be implicated that human resource management is highly responsible for the adding value in the organisation. It is responsible for encouraging the employees and influencing the performance and productivity of the organisation. It is also directs and motivates the employees for the skill acquisition by providing training and orientation programs that helps them to achieve their internal as well as organisational goals. Furthermore, the human resource management reviews the performance of employees through strategic methods and maintain the talent acquisition in the organisation. From hiring process to retaining the skilled and experienced workforce, the human resource management significantly manages all the functions that precisely help in adding value to the organisation. References Andresen, M., and Nowak, C. 2015. Human Resource Management Practices. Springer International Publishing. Andresen, M., and Nowak, C. 2014. Human Resource Management Practices: Assessing Added Value Management for Professionals. Springer. Bach, S., and Edwards, M. 2012. Managing Human Resources: Human Resource Management in Transition. 5th ed. John Wiley Sons. Banfield, P., and Kay, R. 2012. Introduction to Human Resource Management. OUP Oxford. Baron, A., and Armstrong, M. 2007. Human Capital Management: Achieving Added Value Through People. Kogan Page Publishers. Horton, S. 2002. Competency Management in the Public Sector: European Variations on a Theme. IOS Press. Management for Professionals. Springer Science Business Media. Mayo, A. 2016. Human Resources Or Human Capital?: Managing People as Assets. Routledge. Meifert, M. T. 2014. Strategic Human Resource Development: A Journey in Eight Stages Stredwick, J. 2013. An Introduction to Human Resource Management. Routledge.

Nursing Optimal Pain Management

Question: Case Study Mrs Salimah Abdallah a 44 year woman, wife, mother and devout Muslim has been re - admitted to the hospital with an elevated temperature and productive cough, after having a haemorrhoidectomy one week ago. You are the admitting nurse and during the admission discover that Mrs Abdallah developed the cough after spending the week after surgery in bed. Mrs Abdallah states that she is finding difficult to walk small distances before becoming breathless and experiencing sharp lung pains whilst breathing in. She rates this pain 5/10 and denies taking any analgesia. You ask Mrs Abdallah about her normal sleep routine and discover that she has not slept properly for days and feels exhausted. She is pale, drawn with dark circles under her eyes and complaining of fatigue. Due to decreased appetite and energy levels, Mrs Abdallah has been eating very little Halal food. You ask Mrs Abdallah her toileting habits. After telling her husband to leave the room, you learn that she has not opened her bowels for the entire week as she is frightened it will be painful and that she will bleed a lot. Mrs Abdallah normally cares for her five children aged 2 7 years of age. Her husband works 6 days a week in his own Halal butcher shop. PART A: (S/NYS) Scenario Working in collaboration with the RN the following Nursing Diagnosis are formulated for Mrs Abdallah. 1. Ineffective Airway Clearance related to viscous secretions and shallow breathing. 2. Sleep Pattern Disturbances related to cough, pain, and orthopnoea. 3. Constipation related to reduced fluids, inactivity and fear of pain defecating. 4. Acute Pain (anal) related to recent surgery and constipation. 5. Activity intolerance related to breathlessness and malaise.PART B: (S/NYS) Please discuss in your understanding of the evaluation phase of the nursing process. (S/NYS)Explain in how you will maintain the clients cultural safety whilst applying the nursing process. (S/NYS)Discuss your understanding of the concept person centred care and provide 4 examples of how you can implement person centred care for Mrs Abdallah. (S/NYS)The care plan focus for Mrs Abdallah is on the acute care of this client. Once she is significantly improved, the nurse will plan for discharge. Please identify four (4) areas of discharge teaching for Mrs Abdallah. (S/NYS) Answer: 1. Blood gases like O2 and CO2 should be monitored. Ineffective airway clearance may cause low level of O2 due to impaired external respiration. Moreover, in case of Abdallah, shallow breathing has been observed. This shallow breathing further negatively affects O2 level in the blood. Nurse should advice Abdallah to cough and breathe because through coughing she can expel the viscous secretions. As Abdallah experiencing pain in the lung during breathing, it is necessary to encourage her for breathing. Nurse should administer Abdallah with effective expectorant with best possible schedule because expectorant can loosen the viscous secretions and it is easy to expel these secretions through cough. Nurse should administer oxygen to Abdallah using facemask which can provide oxygen with flow rate 4-7 litre per minute. Due to shallow breathing there is the less oxygen in the blood and it is required to maintain oxygen saturation in the blood in between 94-98 %. Nurse should administer suitable antibiotic to Abdallah because in case of compromised lung function there are the possibility of lung infection. These antibiotics can help to arrest the growth and prevent from multiplication of the invaded bacteria (Bott et al., 2009; Berman et al., 2008). 2. Nurse should asses the sleep pattern and usual sleep time of Abdallah. Sleep pattern is a character which varies with each individual. This assessment would help nurse diagnose the exact etiology of disturbance in sleep pattern. This assessment would help to implement nursing intervention. Administer pain medicine to Abdallah before going to bed because complained about her pain. It has been well proved that pain is one of the main causes of sleep disturbance. Administering pain medicine and making Abdallah relaxed for sleep would definitely improve her sleep. Provide appropriate environment for sleep and apply massage to patient. Few people cant sleep in environment which is noisy and few people need dark environment for sleep. In such environment is not provided, there is the possibility of disturbance in mind of patient and resulting in the disturbance in sleep pattern. It was proved that massage can induce sleep. Nurse should record, Abdallahs medicine and diet. Carbohydrates can release neurotransmitter serotonin to induce sleep. Caffeine containing products disturb sleep. Bronchodilators has side effect as disturbed sleep. Nurse should administer cough medicine to Abdallah to relive from pain. Because contneous cough can disturb sleep pattern in Abdallah (Berman et al., 2008; Sateia, 2014). 3. Nurse should try to make arrangements to remove bowl contents of Abdallah. This can be done by using enemas, by softening the stools and using medications like laxatives. If faecal matter remained in the bowl for long time, it can affect patient both physiologically and psychologically. Patient can have anxiety to remove faecal matter if stayed in the bowl for long time. Nurse should make note that, patient should not overuse both enema and laxative medication. Nurse should advise Abdallah to drink more water daily. If patient is dehydrated, large intestine soaks water from the consumed food and it leads to the hardening of the stool and it is difficult to defecate hard stool. Nurse should administer fiber rich food to Abdallah. This carbohydrate, through osmotic effect can increase bulk of stool and helpful in avoiding constipation. Nurse should make compulsion for physical activity or exercise to Abdallah. It was proved that even little physical activity or daily walk for around 30 minutes can definitely improve bowl movement and improve constipation. Nurse should make arrangements to provide privacy to Abdallah at the time of defecation. As defecation is a very private act some people may face problem if they feel there is disturbance in their privacy. Nurse should make sure that door should be closed at the time of defecation of Abdallah (Schuster et al., 2015). 4. Nurse should assess exact location, duration and frequency of pain Abdallah. This assessment can be very helpful in understanding the severity of pain and planning the intervention accordingly. Nurse should assess the history of pain medications in Abdallah. If she has consumed earlier any analgesic, which is not effective. In case of analgesic drugs, there can be variability in its effect based on the individual person. Nurse should avoid administration of analgesic drugs to Abdallah, which were not effective earlier. Nurse should administer medicine (analgesic) for pain management to Abdallah. Pain management medicine can give relief to Abdallah from pain and make her comfortable in her daily activities and with less fear of pain. In case of analgesics, nurse should administer nonnarcotic analgesics rather than narcotic analgesics to Abdallah. Nurse should demonstrate non-medicine strategies for pain relief. These strategies include relaxation and meditation. These strategies have been proved successful in managing pain and distracting the patient from pain perception. In case of pain at the time defecation, nurse should make a plan for smooth bowl movement for Abdallah. These smooth bowl movement strategies include more consumption of water, carbohydrate rich food and small dose of laxatives. Pain during defecation during is mainly due to the hard stool. These smooth bowl movement techniques definitely relieve from pain (Pfenninger and Zainea, 2001). 5. Nurse should assess the exact cause of activity intolerance in Abdallah, whether it is due to physiological disturbance or it is a psychological effect. Knowing exact cause can be helpful in planning in that direction. Nurse should get information about timings and duration of daily activities and bed rest for Abdallah. In earlier studies it has been proved that bed rest in hospitals due to the medical conditions leads to more activity intolerance. Nurse should encourage, Abdallah follow suitable physical activity or exercise. Long duration immobility can lead to the shortening of muscle and augmented stiffness in the bone and cartilage. This can further lead to the immobility in the patient. Nurse should advise and train Abdallah for deep breathing. This deep breathing technique can help to improve external respiration, to reduce respiratory rate and to increase O2 saturation in the blood. This deep breathing not only helpful in improving breathlessness but also helpful in improving daily activities. Nurse should assess for the constipation in Abdallah. Less physical activity can lead to the constipation (Springhouse, 2006). Part B: 1. After completion of all the steps of nursing intervention, nurse should evaluate the outcome of intervention to get indication of patient condition. Nurse should evaluate patient condition on regular basis. If the ongoing nursing intervention is achieving the nursing goals very slowly or it is not showing positive outcome, then nursing plan should be changed accordingly. Patient should be evaluated by keeping in mind all the possible outcomes like improved condition of the patient, steadied condition of the patient, worsened condition of the patient, mortality and discharge possibility. In case of no improvement in the condition of the patient, nurse should consult physician and modify nursing intervention accordingly (Funnell et al., 2009). 2. Nurse should provide treatment and management to the patient by maintaining the personal, social and cultural identity of the patient. Nurse should protect the identity of illness of the patient to maintain wellbeing and acceptance of the patient in the society and to maintain dignity of the patient. Nurse should maintain very healthy and friendly relation with patient with positive attitude and behavior. Through this healthy relationship with nurse can understand patient I better way and it is for nurse to convince patient for treatment. Nurse should implement different strategies for people with different values, backgrounds, education, experience and beliefs. For implementing good cultural safety nurse should be good listener, confident of own work and values and respectful to other person (Milne et al., 2016). 3. Person centered care is a health management system in which patient and patient family members opinions and suggestions should be considered while implementing nursing care. In person centered care nurse should understand the values, wishes, family condition, social influence, lifestyle of patient and family. In person centered care, decisions about nursing should be discussed with patient and family members and amend according to patient comfort. Person centered care is very flexible, based on one-to-one care and should be implemented along with patient and not to the patient Examples: Enquiring about comfort for sleeping, providing personnel toilet instead of common toilet, helping Abdallah in her daily activities whenever she requires (Sharma et al., 2015). 4. Abdallah should avoid constipation. For this she should drink lot of water, eat vegetables, fruits and carbohydrate rich fruit, keep practice of walking for some time and take laxatives only on doctors advice. Abdallah should not drive, if she is taking opioids as pain medication. Abdallah should take help of others in her daily activities, she should not go outside alone and specifically she should take help of others while reaching toilet because as she is feeling constipation she may under stress while going to toilet and fall risk is there. Abdallah should keep on practicing breathing exercise and she should do this breathing exercise in morning session because breathing in morning fresh air is good to improve her breathless problem (Zeng-Treitler et a., 2008). 5. Cough, breathlessness, fatigue and sleeplessness are the four signs indicating respiratory distress of Abdallah. Nurse should try to reduce the frequency of cough because due to cough Abdallah, feeling breathlessness, fatigue and sleeplessness. If nurse can prevent cough all these problems can be controlled to some extent. Nurse can control cough by giving medication for the cough. Along with nurse should give artificial respiration to Abdallah. Nurse should improve moral of Abdallah, so that she should not feel lethargic and if she didnt feel fatigue, it can solve may problems of daily living. As a result, she can feel relaxed and get proper sleep. 6. Pain in any individual is mainly a perception due to physiological, pathological and psychological factors. Pain perception in a person mainly depends on the age, gender, cultural and educational background and prior experience of pain. Behavior of a person is not always reflecting the exact severity of the person. Some of the patients may exhibit more pain to get sympathy and some of the patients may not exhibit pain at all to get rid of hospital visits and to hide their pain from family members to keep family members happy. Due to all these factors pain assessment should be devoid of oness opinion and it should be based on the awareness, understanding and acceptance (Roberts, 2008; Fink, 2000). 7. Sleep restriction: Sleep restriction involves reducing the amount of time spent in the bed as compared to the total sleep time. Patients less than 85 % sleep efficiency required sleep therapy. Stimulus control: Patient should go to sleep in case of feeling sleepy, use bedroom only for sleep activity, leaving bedroom, if cannot sleep for more than 15 minutes, keeping same time for sleep waking up in the morning. Cognitive therapy : Patient should be aware that insomnia is a dysfunctional thought and it should be removed. Relaxation training : Relaxation techniques like deep breathing, body scanning and autogenic training can promote sleep (Siebern et al., 2012). Part C:1. Potential risks Risk prevention strategies Fall Fall can be prevented by using devices like hand rails for stairways, raised toilet seat, grab bars for water tub, bare-wood steps with nonslip. Weakness Weakness can be prevented by taking healthy diet, good sleep and reducing stress. Cognitive impairment Cognitive impairment can be best prevented by changing lifestyle such as incorporation healthy food like vegetable and fruits, regular exercise and good amount of sleep. Pressure sores Position change is the main for the prevention of pressure sores. This position change should be regular with extra care to evade stress on the skin and lesser the pressure on the susceptible region. 2. While giving nursing care nurse should think form the patients point view and should take patients opinion about comfort level to the particular intervention. When touching to the patient, nurse touch should be very gentle because this gives patient feel warmth and comfortable. Nurse should keep body language and speech with the patient very gentle. Patient should not feel embarrassed with the activities and talk of the nurse. Nurse should always try to give privacy to the patient. Curtains covering the patient bed should always be covered when there is no nursing or clinical intervention. Nurse should maintain privacy of the medical condition of the patient so that dignity of the patient should not get affected in the society (Lin and Tsai, 2011). 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