An Introduction to Obsolete Words

Obsolete word is a temporal label commonly used by lexicographers (that is, editors of dictionaries) to indicate that a word (or a particular form or sense of a word) is no longer in active use in speech and writing. In general, notes Peter Meltzer, the difference between an obsolete word and an archaic word is that, although both have fallen into disuse, an obsolete word has done so more recently (The Thinkers Thesaurus, 2010). The editors of The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2006) make this distinction: Archaic. [T]his label is attached to entry words and senses for which there is only sporadic evidence in print after 1755 . . ..Obsolete. [T]his label is attached to entry words and senses for which there is little or no printed evidence since 1755. In addition, as Knud Sà ¸rensen points out, it sometimes occurs that words which have become obsolete in Britain continue to be current in the United States (compare Amer. Engl. fall and Brit. Engl. autumn) (Languages in Contact and Contrast, 1991). Following are some examples of obsolete words: Illecebrous Illecebrous [ill-less-uh-brus] an obsolete word meaning attractive, alluring. From a Latin word meaning to entice.(Erin McKean, Totally Weird and Wonderful Words. Oxford University Press, 2006) Mawk The underlying meaning of mawkish is maggotish. It was derived from a now obsolete word mawk, which meant literally maggot but was used figuratively (like maggot itself) for a whim or fastidious fancy. Hence  mawkish originally meant nauseated, as if repelled by something one is too fastidious to eat. In the 18th century the notion of sickness or sickliness produced the present-day sense over-sentimental.(John Ayto, Word Origins, 2nd ed. A C Black, 2005) Muckrake Mudslinging and muckraking--two words commonly connected with the pursuit of an elected office and the flotsam the campaigns leave in their wake.Voters seem fairly familiar with the term used to describe malicious or scandalous attacks against opponents, but the latter m word may be new for some people. It is an obsolete word describing a tool used to rake muck or dung and used in reference to a character in John Bunyan’s classic Pilgrim’s Progress [1678]--the Man with the Muck-rake who rejected salvation to focus on filth.(Vanessa Curry, Don’t Muck It Up, and We Won’t Rake It. The Daily Herald [Columbia, TN], April 3, 2014)| Slubberdegullion Slubberdegullion is n: a slobbering or dirty fellow, a worthless sloven, 1610s, from slubber to daub, smear, behave carelessly or negligently (1520s), probably from Dutch or Low German (cf. slobber (v)). Second element appears to be an attempt to imitate French; or perhaps it is French, related to Old French goalon a sloven. Century Dictionary speculates the -de- means insignificant or else is from hobbledehoy. Snoutfair Snoutfair is a person with a handsome countenance (literally, a fair snout). Its origins are from the 1500s. Lunting Lunting means to walk while smoking a pipe. Lunting  is also the emantion of smoke or steam from a tobacco pipe, or the flame used to light a fire, torch, or pipe, The word lunting originated in the 1500s from either the Dutch word lont  meaning a slow match or fuse or the Middle Low German lonte meaning a wick. With Squirrel With squirrel is a euphemism that means pregnant. It originated in the Ozark Mountains  in the early 20th century. Curglaff Curglaff is commonly felt by people in northern climes —it is the shock that one feels when first plunging into cold water. The word curglaff originated from Scotland in the 1800s. (Also spelled curgloff). Groak To groak (verb) is to watch someone longingly while they are eating, in the hope that they will give you some of their food. The origin is possibly Scottish.   Cockalorum Cockalorum is a little man who has an over-inflated opinion of himself and thinks himself more important than he is; also, boastful speech. The origin of cockalorum  may be from the from the obsolete Flemish word  kockeloeren of the 1700s,  meaning to crow.

Carrolls Influence on Literary Nonsense - 1909 Words

Carrolls Influence on Literary Nonsense Literature has always been a source of escaping reality, even if only for an hour. Whether it is within the pages of a novel or the lines of a poem, reading is a way to travel outside the realm of everyday life and become a hero or villain, a lover or a monster. Their are books written about anything and everything, but one theme that intrigues young and old alike is a world completely different from ones own. When one flips everyday meaning upside down, one is left with nonsensical beings and twisted story lines. One very popular author who writes with this mindset is Lewis Carroll. He writes with the common theme of literary nonsense including elements such as neologism, repetition, and fantasy settings. In the novel Alice In Wonderland, Carrolls imagination helps readers escape reality even though his own views of reality seep into his story. Lewis Carroll attended the college of Christ Church where he met the new dean of the college, Henry Liddell. Mr. Liddell brought his family along with him. Carroll became close friends with Mr. Liddells wife, Lorina, and their children. Carroll spent his early adult life around the Liddell children. Carroll would often take the Liddell children to the river and tell them adventure stories, which the children begged to hear. The bond between Lewis Carroll and the Liddell children grew after some time. In particular, he was closest with Alice Liddell. They loved spending timeShow MoreRelatedEssay on Lewis Carroll2377 Words   |  10 Pages â€Å"Jabberwocky† Lewis Carroll Jabberwocky: Sense or Nonsense Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrabe. quot;Beware the Jabberwock, my son The jaws that bite, the claws that catch! Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun The frumious Bandersnatch!quot; He took his vorpal sword in hand; Long time the manxome foe he sought-- So rested he by the Tumtum tree, And stood awhile in thought. And, as in uffishRead MoreMimesis in Alice in Wonderland2678 Words   |  11 Pagesconsitute a new notion of mimesis in Carrolls Alices Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass Mimà ©sis ve svÄ›tovà © literatuÃ…â„¢e/Klà ¡ra Kolà ­nskà ¡, Úterà ½ 10:50 – 12:25 â€Å"Who in the world am I?† Ah, that’s the great puzzle.[1] This question, asked by Alice herself at the beginning of Alices Adventures in Wonderland, anticipates the theme of identity and the reflection of mimesis in the literary nonsense and the author develops the subjects toRead MoreCreator Of A Wonderland, By Lewis Carroll1857 Words   |  8 Pagesreflecting his views. Carroll used his views concerning English society in the 19th century to influence his writings such as his poems and Alice in Wonderland by reflecting his worldview into the lives of his characters. Through his Christian upbringing and beliefs, Lewis Carroll developed unconventional realities based on the Word of the Lord along with his studies of logic and mathematics. Carroll’s writings and tales differed from that of other Victorian writers, for he displayed both his humorRead MoreLewis Carrolls Life and Works Essay2491 Words   |  10 PagesMaster’s Degree at Christ Church, in Oxford. Charles Dodgson Senior’s experiences began with him being an entertainer and a protector as he would tell stories and play around with children of his only adult friends. These time and experiences shaped his literary works. Also his experiences included him playing with his sisters. Carroll would tell elaborate, entertaining stories to his young sisters. He also told these stories to other young girls he encountered. According to Edward Rothstein, â€Å"He was eminentlyRead More «Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland »7735 Words   |  31 Pagesuse of figurative language, lexical, stylistic and graphical devices in this work of art. The aim of the paper consists in analyzing expressive means applied in the novel. The tasks of the work are as follows: †¢ To describe Lewis Carroll’s life, creativity and conception of the world †¢ To acquaint the reader with the novel â€Å"Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland†, its plot, history of creation and peculiarities †¢ To provide the theoretical background for dealing with Lexical DevicesRead MoreHow Do Travelers Construct Their Own Identity As They Travel? Essay2140 Words   |  9 PagesHow do travelers construct their own identity as they travel? ‘â€Å"Who are you?† said the Caterpillar.’ (Carroll 1998: 40). Identity is explored extensively throughout Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Amos Tutuola’s The Palm-Wine Drinkard (1952). Both protagonists embark on a journey that questions their inner self; through the distortion of characters, time and plot. Transformations allow each protagonist to distort their own identity and gain self-awareness as they travelRead MoreThe Fantastic Author Of The World s Most Wonderful Children2290 Words   |  10 Pagesyoung girls and others around their ages, especially noted in his amateur photography (Tyle). Some psychoanalysts argue that these supposed friendships were pedophelic while other agrue that they were harmless, but still fascinating, and make his literary words even more enticing (Heath). Regardless, Dodgson often spent afternoons with the daughters, creating fanciful stories on a whim. The youngest of which was Alice, who one day prompted Dodgson to create an improvised story that would one day becomeRead MoreChildrens Literature13219 Words   |  53 Pagesarea of study. Its richness is reflected in the vast amount of theories that permeate and surround the term. From feminist studies to new historicism, literary theory places the child/text/context relationship on varying ideological and political axes. The reconceptualization of its history and the postmodern growth of radical alternative literary â€Å"histories† further complicate a retelling of the history of children’s literature. Consequently, it becomes not only a difficult but also a contentiousRead More Anti-Slavery Issue and Childrens Magazines: 1820-1860 Essay examples5201 Words   |  21 Pagesthe moral development of the child. For the parent, not the school or even the church, was to be the major force in developing the child’s highest potential, and of the two parents, the mother was thought to be sup remely qualified to inculcate, to influence, to teach by example.   So much, in fact, was assigned to the woman’s role that today we can well believe that appropriate, wholesome, ‘safe’ reading-matter for the child was a boon to the mother. And into this breach, ready to fill the gap that

Compromises That Lead to the Constitution Free Essays

In the period between the drafting of the Constitution and the start of the Civil War, compromise was a main part in the governing of the United States. The Constitution itself is often referred to as a â€Å"bundle of compromises† and because of the effectiveness of these compromises it has been able to withstand time and continue to be the main source of our government. Conflict arose even after the Constitution and compromises were made to try to keep the Union together and decrease tensions between the North and South. We will write a custom essay sample on Compromises That Lead to the Constitution or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this paper, I will discuss the compromises that made up the Constitution as well as the compromises that were implemented leading up until the Civil War. The drafting of the Constitution is compiled of great compromises that are the reason why our great government is still working today. James Madison created one of these compromises called the Virginia Plan. His plan called for a strong central government, one that had control to legislate, levy taxes, veto state laws, and authorize military force against states. His plan also called for a bicameral legislature and fixed representation in both houses of Congress proportionally to each state’s population. The people would select the lower house and those in that house would elect the delegates in the upper house who in turn would select the president and judges. This plan didn’t work because those smaller states felt they wouldn’t have equal representation in this house due to their population being smaller than the larger states. They feared that the large states would control the legislatures and the small states wouldn’t be able to get what they wanted done. After the Virginia Plan didn’t work, William Paterson of New Jersey offered another proposal called the New Jersey Plan. This plan stated that there should be a single chamber congress in which each state had an equal vote, just like the Articles. This plan also did not work because it gave too much power to the smaller states who only compiled about 25% of the Americans. And so, the Great Compromise was proposed. This compromise was passed on July 17, 1787 and stated that the upper house would have equal representation, satisfying the small states, and the lower house would be based on population, satisfying the large states. The fear of the people was that the central government would become too powerful and that the states wouldn’t be able to do anything about it. Through debate and in attempt to solve this from happening, the framers of the Constitution came up with two things: separation of powers and the system of checks and balances. These two systems have kept our central government from getting too powerful as well as keeping our states from getting too powerful. Separation of powers meant that the three distinct branches in the national government all had different powers and one branch couldn’t try to do the job of the others. These three branches are the executive, judicial, and legislative branch. The executive branch is composed of the President of the United States and his cabinet, the legislative branch is composed of the Senate and House of Representatives, and the judicial branch is the Supreme Court. The system of checks and balances was meant to prevent any one branch from dominating the other two. Examples of the checks and balances include the power of the President to veto acts of Congress, but to insure that the president doesn’t overuse this power Congress can override a president’s veto with a two-thirds majority in each house. The framers also made it so the Constitution could be amended if needed by a two-thirds vote in both houses of Congress and then the amendment has to be ratified by three-fourths of the states. This amendment process is the reason why the Constitution has lasted as long as it has and why all the compromises the make of the Constitution still hold true today. The framers made it so the Constitution can be changed if and when our country changed views and ideas on all sorts of issues. The admittance of Missouri as a state threatened the balance of the union in 1819, which at the time had eleven free states and eleven slave states. Since Missouri’s population was composed of 16 percent slaves, it would be admitted as a slave state therefore upsetting the balance in favor of the south. Northerners didn’t like this because Missouri was at the same latitude as the free states of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, and because of this they feared that it would set a precedent for slave states coming more north. The north and south continued to argue and argue over the issue of slavery. The north accused the south of trying to extend the institution of slavery and the south said that the north was conspiring to destroy the Union and end slavery. To resolve this crisis, congress passed a series of agreements that became known as the Missouri Compromise, which smoothed over the crisis. In 1820, Congress admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state in order to balance the number of free and slave states and to keep order between the north and south. Also, it prohibited slavery in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase north of the southern boundary of Missouri. This compromise soon fell apart after it was passed. Missouri drafted its own Constitution saying that free blacks were prohibited from entering their territory. Because of this provision, which was against the federal Constitution stating that citizens of one state were entitled to the same rights as citizens of other states, antislavery northerners didn’t allow Missouri to be admitted into the Union until 1821. In 1821, Henry Clay came up with a second Missouri Compromise, which didn’t allow Missouri from discriminating against citizens of other states. This compromise didn’t really calm the conflict between the north and south in terms of slavery. In fact, the conflicts that resulted in the Missouri compromise were the reasons that the Union fell apart 40 years later. The north still feared the spread of slavery into the north and the south feared that the north would try and take away a key part of their way of life, slavery, and the compromise did nothing to calm these fears. By the end of the Mexican-American War, the United States contained thirty states in the union, fifteen of which were slave states and fifteen that were free states. Due to the huge amount of territory that was gained at the end of the war in 1848, the balance of free and slave states was threatened. Southern, or slave states, feared that because of the doctrine of free soil, which meant that Congress prohibited slavery in the territories. So the southerners came up with the idea of extending the Missouri Compromise. Slavery again was the main issue when determining the admittance of states into the Union. In early 1850, Henry Clay again forged a set of compromises to resolve the issues between the north and south. He proposed the admission of California as a free state; the division of the remainder of Mexican cession into two territories, New Mexico and Utah without federal restrictions on slavery; the settlement of Texas-New Mexico boundary dispute on terms of favorable to New Mexico; an agreement that the federal would assume the considerable public debt of Texas; the continuance of slavery in Washington D. C but the abolition of slave trade there; and a more effective fugitive slave law. By summer, Congress passed each part of the component of Clay’s set of compromises. Although it passed, it still didn’t solve the differences between the north and south. The only reason it passed was because the minority in the north and the minority in the south who favored it combined to be more than those who opposed it in the north and south. This compromise favored more so the north than the south. The north had many obvious â€Å"wins† in this compromise such as California as a free state, the potential of New Mexico and Utah being free states, and the abolition of slave trade in D. C. The compromise still left open the question of whether Congress had the power to prohibit slavery in territories outside of the Mexican cession. A big issue the north had with this compromise was the acceptance of the Fugitive Slave Law. In 1793, the Fugitive Slave Law was passed. This law required judges to award possession of an escaped slave upon any formal request by a master or his representative. Runaways, as slaves who fled their masters were called, were denied a jury trial and sometimes even refused permission to present evidence of their freedom. This law denied free slaves the same rights that were given to whites under the Bill of Rights. Although this law was upheld, it did not mean that Northerners followed it. This upset the south very much and was a main reason the compromise didn’t last. They wanted the north to follow the provisions of the compromise since they had to as well. In 1854, Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act. This act created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, which opened new lands for settlement and farming. It repealed the Missouri Compromise by allowing settlers in those states to determine through popular sovereignty whether they were slave states or free states. The result of popular sovereignty was the flooding of northerners and southerners into these territories trying to either vote them into being free states or slave states. This act just set fuel to the fire between north and south in terms of slavery and cause great conflict in these territories. The conflicts between the North and South were never truly resolved with the compromises after the ratification of the Constitution. The compromises worked temporarily to smooth over the tensions between them but they never lasted. The reason for this was the legislations never fixed the real issue, the question of whether blacks were considered equal to whites under the law and until the government made it clear, conflict was inevitable and compromise wouldn’t work. How to cite Compromises That Lead to the Constitution, Papers

The Physics Of Scuba Diving Swimming With The Fis Essay Example For Students

The Physics Of Scuba Diving: Swimming With The Fis Essay h The Physics Of Scuba Diving: Swimming With The Fis Essayh Have you ever wondered what it would be like to swim with the fish and explore the underwater jungle that covers two-thirds of the earths surface? I have always been interested in water activities; swimming, diving and skiing, and I felt that scuba was for me. My first dive took place while on a family vacation. I came across a dive shop offering introductory dives, which immediately caught my interest. After much convincing (my parents), with my solemn assurance that I would be careful, I was allowed to participate in a dive. I was ready, or so I thought. The slim basics such as breathing were explained and I was literally tossed in. Sounds easy enough, right!, well WRONG!!. From the moment I hit the water, my experience was much less than fun. I quickly sank to the bottom into a new world, with unfamiliar dangers. I really wasnt ready for this experience. I was disorientated, causing me to panic, which shortened the length of my dive, not to mention my air supply. Lets just say I would not do that again. To start exploring the underwater world, one must first master a few skills. Certification is the first step of learning to dive. From qualified professionals one must learn how to use the equipment, safety precautions, and the best places to dive. This paper is designed to help give a general understanding of the sport and the importance that physics plays in it. Self- contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus, or SCUBA for short, is a hell of a lot of fun. However, there is considerably more to Diving than just putting on a wetsuit and strapping some compressed air onto ones back. As I quickly learned, diving safely requires quite a bit more in terms of time, effort, and preparation. When one goes underwater, a diver is introduced to a new and unfamiliar world, where many dangers exist, but can be avoided with proper lessons and understanding. With this knowledge the water is ours to discover. The Evolution of Scuba Diving Divers have penetrated the oceans through the centuries for the purpose of acquiring food, searching for treasure, carrying out military operations, performing scientific research and exploration, and enjoying the aquatic environment. Bachrach (1982) identified the following five principal periods in the history of diving which are currently in use. Free (or breath-hold) diving, bell diving, surface support or helmet (hard hat) diving, scuba diving, and, saturation diving or atmospheric diving (Ketels, 4) SCUBA DIVING The development of self-contained underwater breathing apparatus provided the free moving diver with a portable air supply which, although finite in comparison with the unlimited air supply available to the helmet diver, allowed for mobility. Scuba diving is the most frequently used mode in recreational diving and, in various forms, is also widely used to perform underwater work for military, scientific, and commercial purposes. There were many steps in the development of a successful self-contained underwater system. In 1808, Freiderich yon Drieberg invented a bellows-in-a-box device that was worn on the divers back and delivered compressed air from the surface. This device, named Triton, did not actually work but served to suggest that compressed air could be used in diving, an idea initially conceived of by Halley in 1716. (Ketels, 9) In 1865, two French inventors, Rouquayrol and Denayrouse, developed a suit that they described as self-contained. In fact, their suit was not self contained but consisted of a helmet-using surface-supported system that had an air reservoir that was carried on the divers back and was sufficient to provide one breathing cycle on demand. The demand valve regulator was used with surface supply largely because tanks of adequate strength were not yet available to handle air at high pressure. This systems demand valve, which was automatically controlled, represented a major breakthrough because it permitted the diver to have a breath of air when needed. The Rouquayrol and Denayrouse apparatus was described with remarkable accuracy in Jules Vernes classic, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under The Sea, which was written in 1869, only 4 years after the inventors had made their device public (Ketels, 10). .u7d1714a067b5912a9a51ad701c2e0e66 , .u7d1714a067b5912a9a51ad701c2e0e66 .postImageUrl , .u7d1714a067b5912a9a51ad701c2e0e66 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7d1714a067b5912a9a51ad701c2e0e66 , .u7d1714a067b5912a9a51ad701c2e0e66:hover , .u7d1714a067b5912a9a51ad701c2e0e66:visited , .u7d1714a067b5912a9a51ad701c2e0e66:active { border:0!important; } .u7d1714a067b5912a9a51ad701c2e0e66 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7d1714a067b5912a9a51ad701c2e0e66 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7d1714a067b5912a9a51ad701c2e0e66:active , .u7d1714a067b5912a9a51ad701c2e0e66:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7d1714a067b5912a9a51ad701c2e0e66 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7d1714a067b5912a9a51ad701c2e0e66 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7d1714a067b5912a9a51ad701c2e0e66 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7d1714a067b5912a9a51ad701c2e0e66 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7d1714a067b5912a9a51ad701c2e0e66:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7d1714a067b5912a9a51ad701c2e0e66 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7d1714a067b5912a9a51ad701c2e0e66 .u7d1714a067b5912a9a51ad701c2e0e66-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7d1714a067b5912a9a51ad701c2e0e66:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Total Compensation EssaySemi-Self-Contained Diving Suit The demand valve played a critical part in the later development of one form of scuba apparatus. In the 1920s, a French naval officer, Captain Yves Le Prieur, began work on a self-contained air diving apparatus that resulted in 1926 in the award of a patent, shared with his countryman Fernez. This device was a steel cylinder containing compressed .