Evolution of Technology Essay

â€Å"Men are just so acceptable as their specialized advancements permits them to be† (Orwell 56). At the point when the innovation blast happened during the 1990s and past, a commonplace student’s knapsack would comprise of a boondoggle, cowhide bound organizer, pager, tape player, 3. 5 inch floppy plate, and a hardcover course reading. Time progressed, and in the end advanced into the 2000s, when then a rucksack would hold a keychain game, CD player, delicate spread course book with a CD-ROM, and a container formed wireless. Innovation kept on developing into the following decade with knapsacks brimming with advanced mobile phones, workstations, realistic number crunchers, receipts for online course book buys, MP3 players, a reinforcement charger, and a 4GB glimmer drive joined to the bag’s zipper. Development of innovation has come into significant play, and has started to vanquish today’s society with each revelation in turn. For instance, as mechanical production systems become recognizable to many, innovation progressions intently follow. While many representatives used to physically run a processing plant, most of the difficult work is currently done by machines, otherwise called fake work. This change has influenced entrepreneurs decidedly, accordingly taking into account new situations to help run the innovation and to guarantee everything is running admirably. After such progressions were shaped in our general public, hundreds to thousands of new organizations and assembling plants have been fabricated, bringing about a significant increment of accessible employments to the white collar class, which presently, most of United States residents as of now involve. As of late, IBM collaborated with Corporate Service Corps (CSC) so as to send 30 volunteers out into various nations to take a shot at innovation related help, for example, separation learning programs, and updated laser eye medicines. The way that cutting edge innovation can assist with sparing a great many lives has been perhaps the most compelling motivation for such a huge interest. IBM plan to take on a few ventures in various nations, for example, India, Brazil, China, Egypt, Ghana, and then some. A sum of 12 groups will go into every one of those nations and effectively complete the tasks for better innovation based instruction and eye medicines, which will cost around $250,000 every, all paid for by IBM. The general undertaking has not just opened up new open doors for those ready to add this audacious task to their resume, however it’s likewise contacting networks in critical need, something that the most recent innovation has permitted to be finished. Moreover, innovation has had the option to assist the way toward sending help to places I need all the more rapidly and productively with the arrival of new highlights to right now existing bits of innovation, just as programming applications. Prestigious creator Sarah Murray clarifies, â€Å"When a colossal seismic tremor hit Haiti in 2010, the expansion of Haitian Creole †spoken by 8m individuals in that nation †to Microsoft’s online interpretation motor, which was accomplished in only five days, helped philanthropic laborers who should have been ready to decipher rapidly. Something as straightforward as an online interpretation framework, a bit of virtual innovation, had the option to help spare thousands to a great many lives in Haiti. Probably the greatest issue in help alleviation is the language and new encompassing hindrance, which Microsoft has had the option to overcome with the utilization of a few applications. The organization has been intently working with talented developers to make certain product which take into consideration an assortment of capacities, for example, Twisted Pair Wave programming, which permits philanthropic experts to stay in touch with each other from any gadget by holding associated with one explicit system. Alleviation laborers would then be able to find others in the territory by imparting a ping sign to the system, which helps when in a totally new condition and uncertain of the local language. Innovation keeps on sparing the lives of many, by making employments that permit individuals to proceed and bolster their family, just as having the option to offer help for those in a last chance circumstance when it comes down to the fundamentals, for example, food, water, and lodging. Some blessed individuals neglect to acknowledge how troublesome it truly is to acquire such guide. While innovation has assisted with killing futile occupations and help to diminish work costs, it has brought about the creation new valuable employments, for example, producing the genuine innovation to be utilized in a PC, and a PC authority field that help to put the recently made PCs to utilize. Accordingly, if a vocation can be taken over by a machine that is unequipped for autonomous idea, the activity might be less reasonable for a person. While ATMs have supplanted bank employees, we currently have recently secured positions which center around fixing, and assembling the ATM machines; it works like a two-edged blade.

Peter the Great

Subside the Great Free Online Research Papers Pyoter Alekseyevich, or Peter the Great, was the ruler of Russia in the Late 1600s and Early 1700s. Under his standard, Russia went under extraordinary change when he â€Å"westernized† society. He additionally accomplished in government and legislative issues. Dwindle the Great was an amazing and persuasive supreme ruler. Diminish the extraordinary had a lot of solidarity. A striking zone of solidarity was his military force. He improved the Russian military. He westernized the military through officials brought to Russia. The nature of Russian ordnance was improved. He additionally settled military schools to prepare government authorities and military officials. Subside the Great prevailing in numerous regions. He prevailing in social transformation, improving government and legislative issues and catching progressively Russian domains. His work comprised of asserting regions on the Black Seas and on the Baltic, so as to build up direct connections with focal and Western Europe to end Russia’s disconnection. His legislature and social structure stayed unblemished until the Revolution of 1917. His momentous military triumphs and the nature and effect on his changes raised a great deal of contention in his time. Dwindle the Great hugy affected the Russian culture during and after his rule. Previously, Russia was constrained by Mongolians. Toppled by Ivan the Terrible, Russia was not, at this point under their abuse. At the point when Peter the Great took the tossed, he needed to break the disengagement of Russia. He changed society and westernized the way of life in the wake of traveling toward the West. Subside chose to take on â€Å"selective westernization† of his nation. He changed money related and political ways, he controlled outside and local exchange, and he fortified the military and changed society by and large. He additionally moved the capital of Russia to the new city of St. Petersburg, where he later kicked the bucket. This additionally represented the Western direction of Peter’s rule. The changes of Russia were not just intended to fortify Russia as a country, however reinforce his standard. Peter’s techniques withstood till current occasions, and his ch anges unquestionably affected Russia’s history, making Russia rise up out of its Byzantine-Asiatic medieval past. Subside the Great made a ton of changes to Russia, to improve things. His rule was known as â€Å"The Great Reformation†. His standard was total government. In spite of the fact that Russia’s renewals were acceptable, all the progressions were in his eyes. Dwindle requested all out reliability. He rebuffed those entire feel into disapproval or associated with unfaithfulness. Dwindle the Great really had his own child tormented and slaughtered in light of the fact that he presumed he was engaged with a plot to revoke his renewals and coordinate with Russia’s remote foes. In addition to the fact that he had out of line allegations, however he constrained high society to wear western styles. He cut down the influence of the more extravagant privileged and offered chances to the lower-class; the high society was not satisfied with this development. Subside the Great prominently affected Russian culture and history, and was an extraordinary ruler in his time. Research Papers on Peter the GreatAssess the significance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2The Effects of Illegal ImmigrationQuebec and CanadaBringing Democracy to AfricaCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPETSTEL examination of IndiaArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Informatie Management Free Essays

Does Telework increment efficiency? Task 2: The recommendation Bachelor Thesis â€Å" Does Telework increment productivity† Erasmus University Rotterdam Boudewijn Schuitmaker348393bs Robin Kettenes335450rk Marlot Sep 337273ms Bachelor Thesis â€Å"Does Telework increment productivity† Erasmus University Rotterdam Team: Group 6 (BA-02-06) Assignment number: 9 Date: 13-06-2012 Disclaimer: â€Å"This record is composed by Marlot Sep, Robin Kettenes and Boudewijn Schuitmaker, who pronounce that every one of them assumes liability for the full substance of the entire report. We proclaim that the content and the work introduced in this report is unique and that no sources other than referenced in the content and its references have been utilized in making it. RSM is just answerable for management of finishing of the work yet not for the substance. We will compose a custom exposition test on Informatie Management or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now † Index Summary of the examination proposal4 1. Preface6 2. Abstract7 3. Introduction8 4. Writing review12 5. Methods17 6. Results19 7. Discussion26 Appendix28 Bibliography35 * Summary of the exploration proposition In this section an outline of the examination proposition can be found. Summary| | Name instructor| Dhr. Scratch van der Meulen| Team number| 6| Name understudy 1| Robin Kettenes| Name understudy 2| Boudewijn Schuitmaker| Name understudy 3| Marlot Sep| Proposition| Telework will prompt an expansion in productivity| Focal unit| Employees who play out their work at different spots than at the workplace itself, for at any rate one day a week| Theoretical domain| All representatives who work at different spots than at the workplace itself, for at any rate one day seven days, in the Netherlands. | Concept 1 | Telework| Concept 2 | Employees’ Productivity| Type of connection | Causal| Minimum size of the impact for having administrative relevance| The insignificant size of impact for having administrative significance is 20 % expansion of efficiency. Normal parameter of impact size utilized in past tests| Items scales contrast in efficiency implies is utilized among telecommuters and non-telecommuters. | Range of impact sizes acquired in the replication history| In the replication history on normal an impact of efficiency increment of 20% is estimated by tele working. (Newman, 1989), (Dubrin, 1991) and (Hartman, 1992)| Preferred research strategy| Longitudinal survey| Actual research strategy| Considering the examination time (two months time) and the setting of this exploration (a Bachelor postulation venture) a cross-sectional review is picked. | Population that is reviewed, or from hich subjects are recruited| Population that is studied are official workers of the branch of Operations Services of the association of TNT Express Benelux in Houten, the Netherlands. The quantity of subjects is 22. | Expected example (or â€Å"hypothesis†)| The normal example for the theory â€Å"teleworking will prompt more productivity† is a relapse of 0. 20, implying that an expansion in teleworking will prompt an expansion of 0. 20 of every a measure of profitability. The normal example for the speculation â€Å"distraction will impact the connection among teleworking and productivity† is a relapse of - 0. 0, implying that an expan sion in interruption will prompt an abatement of 0. 20 out of a measure of efficiency, when teleworking. | Observed pattern| The watched design for the speculation â€Å"teleworking will prompt moreproductivity† is a negative connection with a relapse beta score of - 1,311,meaning that if the level of teleworking increments with one unit, the profitability will diminish with 1,311. The watched design for the theory â€Å"distraction will affect the connection among teleworking and productivity† is a positive connection with a relapse beta score of 0,188. In this way, for the expansion of one unit interruption, the profitability will increment with 0,188. | Test result| Teleworking negatively affects efficiency and interruption has a positive connection on profitability. | Non-reaction inclination evaluation (most pessimistic scenario analysis)| The quantity of missing cases is 5. The most pessimistic scenario investigation show that if the five respondents joined the study, and where altogether different structure the acquired ones, a beneficial outcome of teleworking on efficiency (2,775) and a negative impact of interruption on profitability (- 0,173) could be found. Your commitment to what is thought about the proposition| Our commitment to the recommendation â€Å"Telework will prompt an expansion in productivity† is that teleworking doesn't generally lead a positive change in profitability, for example, proposed in numerous logical articles. In our exploration a negative connection is found on profitability when teleworki ng. | Most significant suggestion for additional research| The most significant proposal is, so as to do a replication study, a longitudinal review. The longitudinal study empowers the future specialists to quantify the adjustment in efficiency that happens at a later point in time when workers telecommuting. In this examination the proportion of efficiency towards teleworking is just done once. | Preface This unhitched male theory is composed as a major aspect of our investigations Business Administration at the Erasmus University Rotterdam. The fundamental subject of this proposal is â€Å"Telework†. We chose this subject out of numerous different subjects since we needed to compose our postulation about a topical subject and teleworking has become a significant promotion over the most recent couple of years. Numerous organizations execute teleworking in their organization for different reasons. In this way, is expected that teleworking will prompt cost decrease, increasingly beneficial representatives and progressively fulfilled workers. Be that as it may, the fundamental inquiry is does telecommuting give every one of these advantages? In this theory we will take a gander at the impact of teleworking on the efficiency of representatives. Unique The connection among teleworking and profitability is of basic worry for associations that may be intending to execute teleworking of for the individuals who have just done. In this examination the connection among teleworking and profitability is analyzed, controlling for age, sexual orientation and family status. The impact of interruption on the profitability of workers was likewise estimated. A study among 17 telecommuters at TNT express was led online to accumulate information. In consequence of various different relapse analysis’, a negative effect of teleworking on efficiency was found. Besides, a slight positive effect of interruption on efficiency was found. The outcomes look incomprehensible, yet there are a few motivations to clarify these outcomes and shed another light on the telecommuting efficiency investigate. Presentation Over the most recent couple of years there has been an expanding interest for adaptable work and adaptable associations. The idea of teleworking offers an answer for this expanding request. Right now 20 to 30 million individuals in the U. S. at present work from home in any event one day seven days (Telework Research Network, 2011). In the writing a few meanings of telecommuting are utilized. The most widely recognized meaning of telecommuting characterizes telecommuting as work performed at home, a satellite office or different spots than the workplace itself, to lessen driving (Shin, 2000). There are a few thought processes organizations could need to embrace the idea of telecommuting. Clear intentions are cost decrease and expanded efficiency. Extra advantages for teleworking representatives are expanded employment fulfillment and a superior work-life balance (Harpaz, 2002). In this postulation a suggestion, with respect to telecommuting and profitability, will be tried. The suggestion that will be tried is: â€Å"Telework will prompt an expansion in productivity†. All in all this implies this examination measures if representatives have a higher profitability on the off chance that they telecommuting, and therefore have the chance to work other than the workplace, than if they are office-bound. The expansion in efficiency is regularly estimated due the examination of yield created by a given measure of information, frequently available time. In the event that the representative, who teleworks, utilizes careful a similar time as an office-headed worker for a vocation, while conveying a more noteworthy measure of work, an expansion in profitability due telecommuting can be finished up. The main who defined the idea of telecommuting in 1973 was Jack M. Nilles from the University of Southern California, Los Angeles. He characterized Teleworking as â€Å"any type of replacement of data advancements for business related travel† (Madsen, 2003). The one away from for the development of teleworking, referenced by Nilles, was the decrease of transportation blockage, especially in stuffed urban territories. In spite of the fact that these open advantages were not adequate enough to execute teleworking. Financial advantages like cost decreases, space investment funds and diminished rental rates for office space guaranteed that organizations were bound to present the idea of teleworking. As per Nilles profitability will increment because of working harder and working more hours out of each day, on account of less interruption, interferences and stress (Nillis, 1988). After Nilles detailed the recommendation that telecommuting builds profitability just because, it has frequently been inspected. A few articles expressed that telecommuting expanded profitability. For instance at ATT, a media transmission organization, telecommuting expanded profitability with right around 10 percent, as indicated by ATT’s yearly telecommuting study among 1,500 workers. Another case of expanded profitability is IBM where 87 percent of the workers report that they accept that their efficiency have expanded essentially (Apgar, 1998). Truth be told a few articles expressed that the profitability of representatives is higher when they work at home. Just one research indicated a reduction in profitability. Anyway this diminishing was later trailed by an expansion of profitability (Bailey, 2002). Regardless of a few

The First Historical Hobby and Home Computers

The First Historical Hobby and Home Computers The main Apple was only a climax of as long as I can remember. Steve Wozniak, prime supporter of Apple Computers In 1975, Steve Wozniak was working for Hewlett Packard, the adding machine makers, by day and playing PC specialist around evening time, tinkering with the early PC units like the Altair. All the little PC packs that were being touted to specialists in 1975 were square or rectangular boxes with non-reasonable switches on them,† Wozniak said. He understood that the costs of some PC parts like microprocessorsâ and memory chipsâ had dropped so low that he could get them with possibly a months pay. Wozniak concluded that he and individual specialist Steve Jobs could manage the cost of toâ build their own home PC. The Apple I Computer Wozniak and Jobs discharged the Apple I PC on April Fools’ Day 1976. The Apple I was the principal single circuit board home PC. It accompanied a video interface, 8k of RAM and a console. The framework consolidated some affordable parts like powerful RAM and theâ 6502 processor, which was structured by Rockwell, delivered by MOS Technologies and cost distinctly about $25 dollars at the time.â The pair demonstrated the model Apple I at a gathering of the Homebrew Computer Club,â a nearby PC specialist bunch situated in Palo Alto, California. It was mounted on pressed wood with all the parts noticeable. A neighborhood PC vendor, the Byte Shop, requested 100 units if Wozniak and Jobs would consent to gather the packs for their clients. Around 200 Apple Is were manufactured and sold over a 10-month time frame at the odd cost of $666.66. The Apple II Computer Mac Computers was consolidated in 1977 and the Apple II PC model was discharged that year. When theâ first West Coast Computer Faire was held in San Francisco, participants saw the open presentation of the Apple II, accessible for $1,298. The Apple II was additionally founded on the 6502 processor, yet it had shading graphicsa first for a PC. It utilized a sound tape drive for capacity. Its unique design accompanied 4 kb of RAM, yet this was expanded to 48 kb a year later and the tape drive was supplanted with a floppy plate drive. The Commodore PET The Commodore PETâ€a individual electronic transactor or, as gossip has it, named after the pet stone fadâ€was structured by Chuck Peddle. It was first introduced at the Winter Consumer Electronics Show in January 1977, and later at the West Coast Computer Faire. The Pet Computer additionally ran on the 6502 chip, however it cost just $795half the cost of the Apple II. It included 4 kb of RAM, monochrome designs and a sound tape drive for information stockpiling. Remembered was a rendition of BASIC for 14k of ROM. Microsoft built up its initial 6502-based BASIC for the PET and sold the source code to Apple for Apple BASIC. The console, tape drive and little monochrome presentation all fit inside a similar independent unit. Employments and Wozniak indicated the Apple I model to Commodore and Commodore consented to purchase Apple at one point in time, but Steve Jobs at last chose not to sell. Commodore purchased MOS Technology rather and planned the PET. The Commodore PET was Apple’s boss adversary at the time.â The TRS-80 Microcomputer Radio Shack presented its TRS-80 microcomputer, additionally nicknamed the Trash-80,† in 1977. It depended on the Zilog Z80 processor, a 8-piece microchip whose guidance set is a superset of the Intel 8080. It accompanied 4 kb of RAM and 4 kb of ROM with BASIC. A discretionary extension box empowered memory development and sound tapes were utilized for information stockpiling, like the PET and the main Apples. More than 10,000 TRS-80s were sold during the main month of creation. The later TRS-80 Model II came total with a plate drive for program and information stockpiling. Just Apple and Radio Shack had machines with circle drivesâ at that time. With the presentation of the circle drive, applications for the individual home PC multiplied as the dispersion of programming got simpler.

The Obama Care Assignment Paper Overview of the Policy - 3575 Words

The Obama Care Assignment Paper: Overview of the Policy (Essay Sample) Content: The ObamacareNameInstitutionInstructorDateOverview of the PolicyThe campaign that made way for the coming up with the Affordable Care commenced in January22nd, 2003 when the Mr. Obama who was the agitator was a senator in Illinois .He introduced the bill as the Hospital Report Card Act and was signed into law in May 28th, 2003.The law required hospitals in Illinois to provide quarterly information about their operations to the public so that consumers and patients could make good decisions about the hospitals and the services they provide. While Mr. Obama was campaigning he promised the Americans that his government was determined to provide the Americans with affordable and universal healthcare. In 2010 March 23rd he signed into law a legislation whose aim was to provide an affordable and universal health care services to all the Americans. The law came to be known as ObamaCare; however, the actual piece of the legislation is Patient Protection and Affordable Act (Ri ckard, 2014).Historical Analysis For a long period of time the health provision has been a problem in the whole world. Several countries have always made attempts to assist their citizens by providing them with means through which they could survive adverse health conditions. There has always been need to reduce death rates among citizens of countries both in Europe ,Africa, America and other continents of the world .All this time North America has been perceived to be the country that could provide affordable healthcare. Consequently several citizens of other countries and even senior citizens made numerous trips to USA so as to be provided with medical services. Among them were dignitaries such as Danny Williams who was the premier of Canadas Newfoundland. The premier went to the North American country in 2010 so as to be treated of heart valve problem .Earlier in 2007 a former Liberal member of parliament called Belinda Stronach went to the USA(California) to undergo surgery for late stages cancer of the breast. Every year thousands of Canadians visit America to be cured of various ailments. Not only have the Americans next door neighbors sought medical attention from the worlds perceived superpower but also citizens and dignitaries from as far as Europe. For instance the prime minister of Italy, Silvio Berlusconi in 2006 travelled to America to be treated of heart problem. The Italian premier sought medical assistance from America in spite of the high quality and free medical services he would have been accorded in his country, Italy (Pipe, 2010) In the earlier years America used a mixed system in the provision of subsidized medical care to her citizens. For example it used a mixture of employer based coverage with state socialized medicine for instance the use of Medicare and Medicaid. Contrary to the USA mixed method several states of the world used pure methods .In most cases they capitalized on the employer based coverage to provide affordable healthc are to their citizens. However the employer based method had some shortcomings. One of the disadvantages of the method was that it excludes the unemployed. Consequently the unemployed people continued to languish in the problem of footing the large bills that resulted from the services they had received. To solve the problem, there was need to need to come up with legislations that would aid in the provision of quality and affordable healthcare to all the citizens of America. As a result several presidents of the USA came up with recommendations that were aimed at providing the medical services to their citizens. For example Bill Clinton, in 1992, distinguished himself as the one who could solve the social problem of Medicare provision in the USA .He then appointed the then First Lady Hilary Clinton to head a team that was tasked with coming up with recommendations on how Medicare was to be provided. The main goal was to provide universal healthcare. The recommendation of the commis sion was that all the Americans were to buy medical insurance. Employers were also to provide Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) to their employees. The recommendation however did not pass as a whole except for one provision in it .The only provision that got the consent of the congress was that of the State Children Health Insurance Program. The recommendation aimed at providing free or affordable healthcare services to the children living in the poor estates only (Tate, 2012)According to mymasterseed.com, there are two objectives for the ObamaCare .The major goal for which the law was to meet is wealth distribution. The law compels everybody, whether rich or poor to take insurance. As a result the wealth of the rich people will trickle down to cover even the poor. The deductions are made progressively. As a result taxpayers monies are deducted on the basis of the incomes they receive. The system of deduction implies that the rich would pay more than the poor and this will help cushion the less fortunate in obtaining medical attention despite their weak financial status. The Administrator for Centers of Medicaid and Medicare, Donald Berwick reiterated that any health cover that is equitable and humane should distribute wealth from the rich to the poor and even to the unfortunate members of the society. The other objective of the program was to reduce the cost of healthcare provision, which was perceived to be so high. Most of the Americans with low income would lose a lot when they became ill or resorted to take their kinsmen to the hospital for medication. In order to cushion the less fortunate members of the society from the high cost of medication there arose the need to come up with Medicare plan. As a result, the ObamaCare was implemented (mymustardseed.com, n.d)It cannot go without saying that the Obamas also wanted to extend their rule after the end of his first term in office. Consequently he looked for a better way in which he could make himself p opular with the citizens. Chances are that he was using the ObamaCare as a campaign tool for his second term bid to the Whitehouse.Social AnalysisThe ObamaCare has had far reaching impacts on the lives of the Americans since its inception in 2010.The impacts are eminent all over the USA. The first impact is that children are no longer denied insurance due to the preexisting conditions. Preexisting condition refer to the state whereby someones child is denied of insurance cover in case the person changes the insurance cover provider. After the bill came into law children are covered by their parents new insurer regardless of the parents initial insurance conditions. As a result parents have been relieved of the burden of covering their childrens medical expenses in case they have changed their insurance providers.Another impact was that people were never denied access to health services due to technical error that could be found on the patients documents .Initially, insurance firms w ould deny their clients cover owing to the mistakes that could have been found on their contract documents .After the implementation of the bill all the clients were to be provided with cover services despite the errors that could be eminent on their documents.The other impact was the removal of the lifetime limit. In the previous terms the clients were bogged down with lifetime limits whereby after having used a certain amount of dollar the insurance company would refuse to offer subsidies to their clients although they were to continue paying the premiums. As a result patients who were suffering from long lasting ailments such as cancer were finding it as unjust as they could not be offered insurance assistance from their insurers .However, lifetime limits were eradicated by the ObamCare provisions. Insurance providers are no longer allowed to deny their clients services on the basis of hitting the lifetime limit.The other social impact of the ObamaCare is that a patient who has b een denied of insurance coverage could lodge an appeal with an external source. Contrary to the new provision of the ObamaCare, the insurance firms could deny their clients coverage and the only way to go about the problem was that the patient was to request the insurance firm to review its condition. As a result, insurance firms would use their privileges to frustrate or thwart the efforts of patients whose bills were so high.There is the provision of preventative care coverage. Previously insurance companies would decline to cover one for conducting services or checkups that could id prevention of some diseases .For example conducting mammogram and this exposed them to serious life threatening diseases that lowered their life terms. After the enactment and the implementation of the ObamaCare firms had no option but to cover people to undergo the screenings that would help increase their lifespan.Another impact is that the Medicare which provides cover to the older people of 65 yea r and above .It also provides coverage to people with disabilities .Prior to the ObamaCare Medicare had some limitations. For instance the programs part D which concerned the provision of medicine to the seniors spelt that they could be given drugs only up to a certain level .When the maximum cost was reached the insurance firms started charging the elderly huge amounts of money on the drugs the drugs they purchased .However with the enactment of ObamaCare and its implementation in 2014, the provisions changed and the elderly members of the society do not have much restrictions when accessing drugs.The last impact of the ObamaCare on the citizens is that patients are now assured of special attention. The patients are greatly cared for under the Community Care Transitions Plan which was enacted under the ObamCare and came into effect in 2011spels that the patients are to be coordinate...

Samuel Beckett and the Folly of Language - Literature Essay Samples

Following the near apocalyptic end of the Second World War, an overwhelming state of fear and confusion would go on to cause a major shift in the artistic expression of the day. Nothing remained sacred as doubt replaced any virtue of knowledge, hope, or stability. Artistic conventions were also replaced in favor of the new, radical unorthodoxy and basic realities of human thought were either questioned or abandoned completely. In particular, Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot illuminates the â€Å"tragicomic† folly of language and communication on the center stage with profound implications against the need to communicate in the first place. Shameless yet dignified, Beckett mocks the inefficacy of language and human communication. Primarily, Beckett’s dialogue bathes in repetition and irrationality, acting as a vehicle for both comedy and critique. Waiting for Godot is characterized by verbal exchanges that achieve very little in terms of traditional development and leave behind more confusion than there was before anyone had decided to bother opening their mouth. The most compelling example of this is Estragon’s fascination with Lucky’s bags throughout Act I. Estragon: Why doesn’t he put down his bags? Pozzo: But that would surprise me. Vladimir: You’re being asked a question. Pozzo: (delighted) A question! Who? What! (28) Here, Beckett presents the primary distraction of Act I, Estragon and Vladimir’s inquisitive interest in Pozzo and Lucky. However, a seemingly fundamental question regarding the servant’s cargo takes ages to get across to Pozzo amid endless chatter of nonsense and confusion. Ironically enough, Pozzo immediately goes on to predict that â€Å"no good will come† from ominous activities such as asking questions. In a sense, Pozzo is correct. The question is repeated several times, tempers flare slightly, and a significant amount of time is wasted with no answer or explanation to show for it. The cause of this string of mishaps is unexpected– Estragon’s mere proposition of a simple question is the impetus for this miniature disaster. This grand failure of communication is just one example of Beckett’s keen deconstruction of language. In fact, Pozzo Lucky eventually leave with Estragon and Vladimir not an ounce wiser than they were before. They know less now than they did when the first act began. Finally, to compound this frustration, the major source of any resemblance to â€Å"driving action† or â€Å"narrative† has exited the stage, as well as Estragon and Vladimir’s lives. The language which one would assume to be the source of any fundamental drama is actually nothing more than a catalyst of the absurd. Language is the biggest barrier between absurdity and reality. Indeed, Beckett’s perception of language asserts that language works to reinforce this barrier rather than find ways around it. This is evident as Gogo Didi continue to parrot each other and draw circles in their speech, reflecting the delicate cycle of their apparently pointless lives. Furthermore, Beckett’s most blatant critique of language can be seen during the play’s most nonsensical and verbose point: Lucky’s speech. Previously regarded by cast and audience to be nothing beyond a mute slave, Lucky is received like an oracle or prophet. He begins, â€Å"Given the existence as uttered forth in the public works of Puncher and Wattmann of a personal God quaquaquaqua with white beard quaquaquaqua outside time without extension who from the heights of divine apathia divine athambia divine aphasia loves us dearly†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (45). Here, Lucky’s regurgitations are met with fixed attention. However, this enthrallment soon decays to derision and finally to frenzied terror and a frantic tackle to end it all. This all occurs as the result of one seemingly harmless command: â€Å"Think!† Interestingly enough, despite â€Å"saying† so much, Lucky actually conveyed very little tangible information throughout his prolonged session of thought. Even worse, this information is nearly indiscernible, lost upon verbal manifestations of Lucky’s passion and confusion. Certainly, a topic of â€Å"divine† profoundness is at hand with a white-bearded â€Å"God† receiving several mentions. This topic is also tethered to Earthly affairs as well. Lucky goes on to mention various schools of thought, a handful of philosophers, and even tennis and other Earthly ventures. However, despite all this content which would give Lucky’s speech the appearance of intellect and profundity, the slav e spends all his time thinking aloud about nothing at all. Although interrupted, Lucky even inadvertently punctuates his speech with the word â€Å"unfinished.† Ultimately, nothing was said. Language, once again, fails to serve its sole purpose. In fact, language is even seen here to be a threat to stability and well-being Beckett displays language’s ability to stir fear and even aggression in others. Lucky’s speech had such a negative impact on the three men listening that they appeared to go mad. This is especially frightening due to the fact that all they were hearing was essentially the articulation of â€Å"nothing.† Lucky’s ramblings on â€Å"quaquaquaqua† could be easily replaced with a high frequency dog whistle and cause the same effect. Lucky’s speech is merely a showcase of language’s flaws and inefficacy. The words amount to nothing more than noise and hot air. Finally, when compared to other works which recognize similar faults in communication, Beckett’s reflections on language are far more monumental in their futility and absurdity. William Falkner’s As I Lay Dying, for example, dictates that human communication is impaired because perceptions of truth vary from person to person, and that language is incapable of portraying any universal truth. Waiting for Godot, on the other hand, dictates that there is no universal truth to convey, and that any attempts to communicate absurdity will only result in frustration, confusion, and more absurdness. In fact, the action of communication through spoken or written language is absurd within itself. This point in particular is the reason behind Waiting for Godot’s quirky, nonsensical attitude. This void is exemplified by the play’s ending. Vladimir: Well? Shall we go? Estragon: Yes, let’s go. They do not move, (109). The communication of nonsense elicits only nonsense in return. Here, Gogo and Didi once again surrender to this dogma of absurdity. They say they will go and fail to move. At this point, it’s as if Beckett’s characters completely fail to recognize the intention behind the words they speak. Attempts of verbal communication through language fall flat, almost signifying an abandonment of language altogether. Now, they accept absurdity, a world absent of communication that’s meaningful or worthwhile. Ultimately, Beckett’s critique, fully veiled in irrationality, does well to illuminate the absurdity of language and communication. In this light, the artistic medium which once depended on language abandons it outright, and the conventions of drama are twisted and distorted. This upheaval is an understandable outcome; Waiting for Godot is an expression of the confusion of the post-World War II world. Certainly, Beckett acknowledges that this new world is one devoid of language, where communication is just as absurd as the situations which beget its necessity.

The Evolution of a Horse Essay - 924 Words

The Evolution of a Horse Throughout history, humans have depended on the horse. Horses have contributed to the growth of humankind as transportation, farm workers, and battle steeds. They have been trained to support humans in many ways. When did this relationship begin? At what point did the horse become a vital part of human society? Exploring the evolution of the horse can help to answer these questions. A mammal with hooves that have an odd number of toes on the rear feet are known as odd-toed ungulates. The middle toe on each rear hoof is usually larger than the ones next to them. Horses are members of the odd-toed ungulates which includes the horses, tapirs, and rhinoceroses. They are relatively large grazing animals with†¦show more content†¦Four of the toes had early proto-hooves. The back legs had small hooves on three of the five toes. The toes were padded like a dog’s toes. The Hyracotherium had three incisors, one canine, four premolars, and thr ee grinding molars on each jaw, which was a typical tooth structure of early mammals who were omnivorous browsers (Hunt 4). Eohippus survived for about twenty million years with relatively few evolutionary changes (Wikipedia 7). These animals lived in a sub-tropical climate and ate soft fruits and the leaves of trees. During the middle to late Eocene and into the Oligocene epoch several other members of the equids, with distinct evolutionary changes, existed including the Orohippus, Epihippus, Mesohippus, and Miohippus. The Orohippus developed from the Hyracotherium and shared many of the same traits. One major change was that the first and second toes disappeared. Another significant change occurred in the teeth. The last premolar changed to become like a grinding molar. Also the crests were more defined showing that the Orohippus’s diet had changed to a tougher plant material. During the middle Eocene a descendant of Orohippus appeared. The Epihippus still resembled a dog-like animal. It had four padded toes on the front leg, and three on the back leg. However, the teeth changed more drastically with two of the premolars changing to grinding molars. Now there were five grinding cheek teeth with low crowns. AsShow MoreRelatedEssay on evolution of the horse732 Words   |  3 P agesevolution of the horse #65279;For many people, the horse family remains the classic example of evolution. As more and more horse fossils have been found, some ideas about horse evolution have changed, but the horse family remains a good example of evolution. In fact, we now have enough fossils of enough species in enough genera to examine details of evolutionary change. Evolution does not occur in a straight line toward a goal, like a ladder; rather, evolution is like a branchingRead MorePhysiological Evolution of the Horse1095 Words   |  4 PagesHorse: Evolution The first ancestors of the modern horse bore little resemblance to the large, powerful domesticated animals of today. The very earliest ancestor of the horse would have resembled in its appearance the modern-day dog and had many omnivorous rather than herbivorous features, such as its tooth construction and density and its propensity for browsing or foraging. Hyracotherium (or eohippus) measured about 10 inches at the shoulder and had an arched back, short neck, short snout,Read MoreLife Is Fine1630 Words   |  7 PagesGRADE 12 LIFE SCIENCES (new content framework) Exemplar Assignment: Evolution - evidence MAY 2011 MARKS: 70 TIME: 1 hour 10 minutes This assignment consists of 10 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION Read the following instructions carefully before answering the questions. 1. 2. 3. 4. Answer ALL the questions. Write ALL the answers on your ANSWER SHEET. Start EACH question on a NEW page. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system usedRead MoreWhy Evolution Is True?1079 Words   |  5 PagesWhy is Evolution True Essay - Final Over the past few centuries, humans have been questioning and debating over what makes evolution true. In Jerry Coyne’s work, Why Evolution is True, he noted two kinds of evidence from Darwin’s theory of evolution. The first evidence includes the six testable predictions of evolution: evolution, gradualism, speciation, common-ancestry, natural selection, and nonselective mechanisms of evolutionary change. The second evidence that Coyne noted in his work is theRead MoreEssay about Evidence for Evolution920 Words   |  4 Pages Evolution and Diversity†¨ Evolution and Diversity The foundation for the theory of evolution was laid by Charles Darwin (Rose, n.d.). He developed hypotheses about natural selection which helped scientists develop the theory. Evolution is a theory and not a hypothesis because evolution has been proven by vast amounts of scientific data, research, and testing. The definition of a hypothesis is an educated explanation that needs to be researched and tested but has not yetRead MoreEssay about Life Science615 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Lab Assignment #2 (Horse Evolution)† Through fossil records from Hyracotherium to Mesohippus to Merychippus to Pleshippus to the Equus, one can see the development of dentition, limbs and skull based on the environment that the horses adapted to with time. Environmental changes from the Eocene to the Holocene brought about natural selection as the horses’ initial characteristics could not adapt. In order to survive, horses evolved traits such as stronger limbs, tougher teeth and others that bestRead More The Design of Life - God or Evolution? Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesThe Design of Life - God or Evolution? Life has indeed been designed, but by whom or what is the central controversy. Creationists believe it was an intelligent designer, namely, God; evolutionists believe it was a driving force of nature, namely, natural selection. Natural selection works when life forms with advantageous survival traits live long enough to breed, therefore passing on those traits to the next generation. Life forms with weaker traits die before breeding, and therefore disappearRead MoreCharles Darwin And The Theory Of Evolution1470 Words   |  6 Pagesbook, School notes and any other reliable sources of information. All of these have to be referenced correctly. Please present Q 2 onwards as an essay style. Darwin and Evolution –Nick deluca Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution through natural selection It’s been over a century since Darwin presented his Theory of Evolution through natural selection and it continues to scandalise many people. Using a scientific approach, Darwin argued that species evolve to suit their environments. In 1831Read MoreDarwin and Lamarckian Theory of Evolution1087 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Evolution is the idea of a living organism adapting or mutating to gain beneficial physiological, psychological and structural features. The genetic makeup of all living things is constantly changing, due to DNA replication errors or outside factors, some of these changes impact drastically on the organism changing it for the better or worse. Typically when an organisms genetic code is changed for the better and it reproduces and outlives its unchanged counterparts this process is calledRead MoreThe Adaptation Of Donkey By Jean Baptiste Lamarck And Alfred Russel Wallace1297 Words   |  6 PagesDarwin, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Alfred Russel Wallace among others who studied evolution have suggested that all organisms evolved from simpler forms to the more complex forms that exist today. They base their evidence on environmental and climatic changes. Charles Darwin claims that as the environment and climate change, so do the organisms in the affected region (Jackson Groves, 2015). T he main idea of evolution is so that the animals may be able to cope with the current conditions. If the organisms’

The Devil in the Shape of a Woman by Carol Karlsen Essay...

The Devil in the Shape of a Woman by Carol Karlsen Carol Karlsen was born in 1940. She is currently a professor in the history department a the University of Michigan. A graduate of Yale University (Ph.D, 1980), she has taught history and women’s study courses at Union College and Bard College. In this book Carol Karlsen reveals the social construction of witchcraft in 17th century New England, and brings forth the portrait of gender in the New England Society. The books thesis is based on why a person was accused of being a witch and the relative circumstances thereof. Marital status, sex, community standing, wealth, and relationships with others all play an important part of a person chances of being accused of being a witch.†¦show more content†¦Even though these laws were written to be fair to all, the magistrates and clergy delegated punishment by who was being punished. This type of reasoning was typical in New England, and set the stage for the witch trials. The content of The Devil in the Shape of a Woman is broken down into sections, by time and place. There are several charts in the book showing the relationship of gender, age, wealth and place on how an accused witch was treated. Most show that women were targeted at a greater extent than anybody. Most observers now agree that witches in the villages and towns of the late Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century New England tended to be poor. They were usually not the poorest women in the community, but the moderately poor. Karlsen tries to show that a woman who was vulnerable was most likely to be accused of being a witch. Even women who had gained wealth because of the death of a husband were prime candidates. Promiscuity was also known to be a reason for being accused accused of witchery. Marital problems often led to a disgruntled husband screaming witch. A woman who could not conceive a child, or one who would not give into her husband’s wishes could easily be accused. Karlsen touches on the events leading up to the witch trials of Salem in almost every chapter. The events which led to the witch trial actually occurred in what isShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Devil On The Shape Of A Woman By Carol Karlsen Essay1637 Words   |  7 PagesConversely, Carol Karlsen who was a Professor of History and Women’s Studies at the University of Michigan had a different take on the trials. Karlsen wrote The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England in 1987, a book examining the role of women in the Salem Witch Trials. Karlsen was â€Å"concerned with the meaning of witchcraft for New England’s first settlers†¦ and why most witches in early American society were women.† Karlsen obviously felt that there was a disparity ofRead More Comparing Salem Possessed by Paul Boyer, The Story of the Salem Witch Trials by Bryan Le Beau, and Devil in the Shape of a Woman by Carol Karlsen1819 Words   |  8 Page s and The Devil in the Shape of a Woman by Carol Karlsen The Salem Witch Trials of 1692 spread just about as fast as the Black Plague. This epidemic caused chaos among neighbors in a community. The chronology of events describes an awful time for colonists from June 10th to September 22nd of that year. The books Salem Possessed by Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum, The Story of the Salem Witch Trials by Bryan Le Beau, and The Devil in the Shape of a Woman by Carol Karlsen all describeRead MoreCarol Karlsen s The Devil1692 Words   |  7 PagesName Class Professor June 22, 2015 Carol Karlsen s The Devil in the Shape of a Woman† Carol Karlsen s The Devil in the Shape of a Woman† was written to provide the reader with an understanding of the role of the â€Å"witch† in colonial New England. During the early colonial period, pilgrims lived in a male-dominated society and the classical witch hunts were conducted in an attempt to maintain this societal structure. Since these hunts were placed under a religious guise, it was simple for theseRead More Witches Essay1357 Words   |  6 Pages The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: A Review Karlsen, Carol F. The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England. New York: Vintage, 1987.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The Devil in the Shape of a Woman by Carol Karlsen takes a closer look at the females being accused of witchcraft in colonial New England. American history has few subjects as interesting as witchcraft, because it confronts us with many different ideas about women. It confronts usRead MoreThe Witchcraft Crisis Through Colonial New England1419 Words   |  6 PagesThe witchcraft crisis through colonial New England is visualized through the work of Mary Beth Norton and Carol F. Karlsen. The scholars demonstrate deep understanding in the subject, and both present valid information through their overall theses. In order to understand the complete story of witchery in the seventeenth-century, these two books intrigue the reader in what the authors want to present. Although, their research seems bias, both historians similarly delve into the topic with an openRead More Salem Witchcraft Essay2617 Words   |  11 Pagesdecided to condemn the people around them as witches and why they did w hat they did to one another. Carol Karlsen in her book The Devil in the Shape of a Woman and Bernard Rosenthal in Salem Story give several factors, ranging from woman hunting to shear malice, that help explain why the Salem trials took place and why they reached the magnitude that they did. The theories put fourth by Karlsen of a society that accusations against women as witches explain the trail, and Rosenthals ideas of discourseRead More The Devil in the Shape of a woman Essay734 Words   |  3 Pages The Devil in the Shape of a Woman â€Å"The Devil in the Shape of a Woman† was an excellent book that focuses on the unjusts that have been done to women in the name of witchcraft in Salem, and many other areas as well. It goes over statistical data surrounding gender, property inherence, and the perceptions of women in colonial New England. Unlike the other studies of colonial witchcraft, this book examines it as a whole, other then the usual Salem outbreaks in the late 17th century. To completelyRead MoreThe Role of Young Women in the Salem Witch Trials Essay examples1329 Words   |  6 Pageswitchcraft is defines as the practice of magic intended to influence nature. It is believed that only people associated with the devil can perform such acts. The Salem Witch Trials was much more than just America’s history, it’s also part of the history of women. The story of witchcraft is first and foremost the story of women. Especially in its western life, Karlsen (1989) noted that â€Å"witchcraft challenges us with ideas about women, with fears about women, with the place of women in society andRead MoreEssay about Gender Politics in the US Criminal Justice System1736 Words   |  7 Pagespublic and private. Once a woman crosses over into the public sphere, by doing something as simple as drinking, she is punished and sent away to be to the private world of prison. This struggle still exists in modern day. Because of the equal rights movement many p eople would consider women to receive the same punishment for the same crime as a man, however, this is anything but true. Women will either receive lesser or harsher punishment depending on their crime. If a woman has committed a minor offenseRead MoreEssay on Salem Witch Trials1396 Words   |  6 Pageswitches and the devil. During the seventeenth century, people were executed for being witches and follower of Satan. Most of these executions were performed in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. Mostly all of the accused were women, which makes some modern historians believe that the charges of witchcraft were a way of controlling the women who threatened the power of the men. During the witchcraft trials, hundreds of arrests were made, and some were even put to death on Gallow’s Hill (Karlsen 145). In 1698

Luther Standing Bear, A Native American Author,...

Luther Standing Bear was a Native American author, philosopher and actor. Luther Standing Bear was a master at using rhetoric, because with it, he benefits not only his people, but also the human identity. Luther Standing Bear contributed all of his efforts to get the Native Americans a place in a world that was no longer theirs. Luther Standing Bear is a pioneer in what would eventually become a movement for Civil Rights. The ideas that he was using did not involve insults but rather, pointed out views that others hadn t seen or thought of before. Instead of using hatred and insults, he used his wisdom and his life experiences to express his views on the world, and why big changes had to be executed immediately. Standing Bear uses the opportune moment in the early 20th century, while civil rights was at its infancy to persuade the white man that the Indian was no different than he was. Luther Standing bear was born in 1868, on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota. Luther Standing Bear s real name was Ota K’te (Plenty Kill). For the first eleven years of his life, Standing Bear was taught the traditional ways of the Lakota. This meant that he learned how to hunt at a young age; he also learned the tales and the language of his people. Being taught the ways of the Lakota, Standing Bear would soon be introduced to world that made it impossible for the Indian to survive. This was because at the time Native Americans were not given the same opportunities as an averageShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesdistribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical Reasoning or its author endorse you or your use of the work). (2) Noncommercial You may not use this work for commercial purposes (for example, by inserting passages into a book that is sold toRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesThree Ethical Decision Criteria 187 †¢ Improving Creativity in Decision Making 188 Summary and Implications for Managers 190 S A S A S A L L L Self-Assessment Library What Are My Gender Role Perceptions? 166 glOBalization! Chinese Time, North American Time 171 Myth or Science? Creative Decision Making Is a Right-Brain Activity 181 Self-Assessment Library Am I A Deliberate Decision Maker? 183 An Ethical Choice Whose Ethical Standards to Follow? 185 Self-Assessment Library How Creative Am I? 190Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesservice purchase, he or she tells six other potential buyers. In contrast, a dissatisfied consumer informs 25 other potential buyers. That is the leverage of quality in shaping consumer sentiment, which is vital in powering the two-thirds of the American economy that is consumer-driven. Therefore, as companies again go back to the business basics, this is a reminder of the most fundamental of those basics: Company managers need to recognize that a business’s income comes from its customers, not from

My First Day Of School - 917 Words

Since September, my AP Language experience has drastically changed paths many times. This class has challenged me mentally, yet is not the hardest and most challenging thing I have ever done. I came into the year, and the class, with a relatively open-mind, but majorly underestimated my writing abilities. Since that ill-fated September day, the first day of school, I have gained an exceptional amount of confidence when it comes to my writing abilities. Needless to say, I definitely feel challenged this year, which was much overdue. It was an adjustment from just being able to whip up an essay up from nothing, to having to critically think about what I was writing. This year, has definitely pushed me as a writer, and I feel as though I have gained a vast repertoire of writing strategies. Overall, I would rank the class at a medium level of difficulty, as I do not find it easy, but it is also not impossible. In terms of overall experiences, I am beyond satisfied with my growth and the time that is devoted to developing our skills. I was elated beyond belief when I started the year out at a 6/9, because I had doubted my abilities and did not think that was remotely achievable. Additionally, the amount of time and practice that we do to develop and maintain new skills is phenomenal, because it allows me to use all the new techniques in my everyday writing. Over the course of first semester, I have discovered my true writing strengths and vices. As far as strengths, I feel asShow MoreRelatedMy First Day At School837 Words   |  4 Pageshard push on my side. Slowly I opened my eyes. I just see the sun’s rays creep through my windows and flash me right in my eyes. Slowly I got used to the light. I finally got up and could open my eyes fully. I hear my mom yell get up it’s your first day of school. I Got up took a shower, got dressed, ate my breakfast, and I was out the door on my way to school. I live in Ohio where it usually rains a lot and today it was a very sunny beautiful day. I got to school. It was my first day of middle schoolRead MoreMy First Day Of School838 Words   |  4 PagesIt was sunny Monday morning, soon to be my first day of school. I remember having a mild anxiety. I found myself swept away by fear as I approach the main entrance. The thought of leaving my home to acquire education seemed like nonsense for my 4 years old self. Since it was my first day of school my parents had to stay with me to make me comfortable. Being nervous, I passed through the main entrance. I saw a couple of kids playing with their small trucks in the playground and others were runningRead MoreMy First Day Of School Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesIn elementary school, I had two best-loved teachers. My kindergarten teacher, Dr. Barron had the kindest heart. My first day of school, I scarcely remember her greeting each student with a friendly smile. 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The morning of the first day of class, I was soRead MoreMy First Day Of School1607 Words   |  7 PagesWhen I woke up this morning, I was very nervous my first day of school, usually, I get taught at home so I don’t understand much, going to this public school is going t o put a new perspective in my life. When I open my little wooden door with my tinny bunnys hands, I walked to the bus in the background, I heard my mom and dad and little sister saying, â€Å"good luck on your first day.† I just gave a little wave back and blew a kiss. When I looked around I felt alone, the birds chirping with suchRead MoreMy First Day Of School1682 Words   |  7 Pagesyour day off with a two mile walk in the heat. Finally, you get to the small, one room schoolhouse, and it has no air conditioning. Everyone around you is so much taller than you, meaning they are probably a lot older than you as well. The teacher looks at you and tells you to take a seat, but all you want to do is turn around and be anywhere else but there. Seems a little scary, right? Well this is how my grandma’s first day of school went. This is nothing like a typical first day of school for kidsRead MoreMy First Day Of School Essay1544 Words   |  7 PagesWe met during our second last year of high school. Back then, I had transferred to Richmond High from my old school, Churchill, to study in the IB program they offered. I was quite looking forward to it, actually. I felt that the past years of my life had been wasted on social life and boys who just disappointed me at the end. Moving to a new school was a way to break free, to start anew and focus on something different for a change. Studies. That’s right, I was going to focus on studies. PlusRead MoreMy First Day At School774 Words   |  4 Pages My time at Life School was very eventful, and I will remember them for the rest of my life. My first day at life school was very eventful though i made a name for myself. I started at Life School Lancaster in the third grade, and i came about a month after school started because i transferred from a different school. I got into trouble and they gave me a tally which is just something to show you did something they didnt like. At first i thought i was getting kicked out, but through time i learnedRead MoreMy First Day At School733 Words   |  3 Pagesbecause it was my first day of school. First I went to take a shower; I thought, â€Å"What I would do in school today, who will be my teachers. Then I walked to the bus stop people looked at me like Im not from this planet. I sat on a tree trunk waiting for the bus. The bus arrived after 15 minutes, I aboard the bus. The driver was a woman she was wearing a black shirt and brown pants. 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Human Resource Management for Organisation - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHuman Resource Management Practicesfor Organisation. Answer: Introduction Human resource management is a very important department in the organization that facilitates the skilled and talented candidates or resources to the organisation. The workforce is a crucial part of any business which makes it a success and failure in the organisation (Meifert, 2014). Therefore, human resource management is a vital area that should be explored to develop a profound understanding about its significance in the organisation. Furthermore, this research paper explains the role human resource management in ensuring the value added facilities to the organization that helps it in. Human resource management also maintains and retains the employees to improve the productivity and performance of the organisation. Human Resource Management Practices that adds values in an Organisation Every company has a huge value of employees as a resource which is the most valuable asset for the organisation (Baron and Armstrong, 2007). The human resource management is responsible for many of the functions in the organisation. The professionals and experts support in maintaining the workforce in an organisation by motivating and creating a favourable environment for the employees. Not only this, human resource managers are responsible for the encouragement of the employees so that they can improve their performance and help them to understand the organisational culture by sustaining the ethics and high morals. The organisations fundamentals are being managed and well performed by strategic management implemented by the human resource management thatdevelops and build the strong base for functional areas (Banfield and Kay, 2012). It has been found overtime that there is a reflective connection between the people who works in the organisation and performance achieved by the organ isation. The direct link of the performance and employees creates a thoughtful insight on the significant role of the human resource management. Hiring people that can ensure the long term success of the organisation is very important in this context. Furthermore, financial performance of the organisation has a correlation with the motivation and employees engagement in the organisation (Baron and Armstrong, 2007). Along with this, to motivate employees for better performance it needs a driving force such as reward system and appraisal system that helps in encouraging employees for better performance. The skilled and talented employees are asset for the organisation and basis of profitability in the organisation (Mayo, 2016). Thus, it is also important for an organisation to focus on the recruitment and selection process of the organisation. In addition to this, the human resource management is responsible to plan, entice, select, recruit, motivate and retain the high skilled and experienced employees. Experienced employees are very crucial resource of an organisation which supports the company in achieving its goal and objectives with pure dedication and involvement (Mayo, 2016). The decision making process also affects with the engagement of such employees in the internal matters of the company. Apart from this, a flexible and suitable job designing and hiring process is being created by the human resource management which facilitates the organisation with the right employee for the right kind of work. Similarly, hiring process entails various stages such as screening and interv iew process, training and orientation program and introduction of new and exciting compensation program for the employees that help them in motivating and do work with full dedication (Stredwick, 2013). For successful measurement of the employees performance there are certain tools and techniques that are used to evaluate the skill and performance of the employees. Nevertheless, human resource management helps the company by providing legal shield to the organisation and adding value to the image of the company. Human resource managers also have a duty to protect the organisation in case of wrongful lawsuits and discriminations (Andresen and Nowak, 2014). They are accountable in relation to the any legal information or rules and education about law is being articulated among the managers and company executives. The organisational culture is also highly affected by the way human resource management behaves and take care of its employees. Thus, human resource management needs to integrate a hire system that promotes and enhances the credibility and equality in the organisation. Similarly, the role of human resource management becomes crucial when the diversified workforce involved in the organisation and maintaining them without any discrimination and fairness becomes duty of HR managers (Stredwick, 2013). The process of recruitment should also be based on such a manner that no candidate feel like discriminated and targeted. Thus, it is essential for an organisation to manage the diversificati on in the organisation through effective and strong human resource management so that no discrimination claim can be made by any of the employee. The HR strategies also play an imperial role in the assessment of strength and weakness of the organisation along with determination of possible threats and opportunities in the market. The strategic planning of the organisation is also being made by the management of human resource so that according to the requirement workforce can be prepared for the competitive environment. Proper training and development programmes and negotiation on compensation with strategic planning for future expectation has also been facilitated by the human resource management of the organisation. It is responsible to build a strong relationship between the employer and employees by improving the work condition and satisfaction within the employees. Building a strong relationship management helps the organisation in increasing the involvement of employees and en hances the communication efficiently in the organisation. The organisation supports the communication properly which impacts the innovation and creativity level of the organisation (Stredwick, 2013). Besides that, human resource management inspire employees to build a strong skilled and professional expertise for self education purpose as well as for organisation that makes it more convenient for the management to engage employees in organisational operations. The development of employees is being the primary focus for the mangers so that the company have the precious understanding and knowledge resource as workforce that can help the company in growing and expanding around the world (Horton, 2002). Furthermore, human resource management add the positive environment in the organisations culture by catering the needs and requirements of the employees. The employees satisfaction is essential to work with optimum dedication and perform better in the future. Thus training and orientation program also helps the company enhancing the value of the organisation (Andresen and Nowak, 2014). Hence, these basic functions and role of the human resource management provide a valuable support to the organisation that literally helps it in reaching its goals and objectives. Increasing profitability by improving performance of the workforce is proficiently involves various methods that has been executed by the human resource management. Besides this, human resource managements the internal policies and other human resource standard areas are highly influenced by the customers point of view (Andresen and Nowak, 2015). Their performance reviews, reward decision and promotion criterias are often in many cases directly related with the customers remarks. It also enhances the level of economic literacy as mangers emphasis on the skills and knowledge of the employee and makes big decision and policies according to it. The HR department also impacts on the capability of risk taking as it controls the high capabilities to encourage the individuals of the organisations and change the management according to the requirement (Andresen and Nowak, 2015). Lastly, the human resource management develops the principle leaders that encourage employees to operate and function ethically and incorporate the culture of the organisation seriously that lead to long term success. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be implicated that human resource management is highly responsible for the adding value in the organisation. It is responsible for encouraging the employees and influencing the performance and productivity of the organisation. It is also directs and motivates the employees for the skill acquisition by providing training and orientation programs that helps them to achieve their internal as well as organisational goals. Furthermore, the human resource management reviews the performance of employees through strategic methods and maintain the talent acquisition in the organisation. From hiring process to retaining the skilled and experienced workforce, the human resource management significantly manages all the functions that precisely help in adding value to the organisation. References Andresen, M., and Nowak, C. 2015. Human Resource Management Practices. Springer International Publishing. Andresen, M., and Nowak, C. 2014. Human Resource Management Practices: Assessing Added Value Management for Professionals. Springer. Bach, S., and Edwards, M. 2012. Managing Human Resources: Human Resource Management in Transition. 5th ed. John Wiley Sons. Banfield, P., and Kay, R. 2012. Introduction to Human Resource Management. OUP Oxford. Baron, A., and Armstrong, M. 2007. Human Capital Management: Achieving Added Value Through People. Kogan Page Publishers. Horton, S. 2002. Competency Management in the Public Sector: European Variations on a Theme. IOS Press. Management for Professionals. Springer Science Business Media. Mayo, A. 2016. Human Resources Or Human Capital?: Managing People as Assets. Routledge. Meifert, M. T. 2014. Strategic Human Resource Development: A Journey in Eight Stages Stredwick, J. 2013. An Introduction to Human Resource Management. Routledge.

Nursing Optimal Pain Management

Question: Case Study Mrs Salimah Abdallah a 44 year woman, wife, mother and devout Muslim has been re - admitted to the hospital with an elevated temperature and productive cough, after having a haemorrhoidectomy one week ago. You are the admitting nurse and during the admission discover that Mrs Abdallah developed the cough after spending the week after surgery in bed. Mrs Abdallah states that she is finding difficult to walk small distances before becoming breathless and experiencing sharp lung pains whilst breathing in. She rates this pain 5/10 and denies taking any analgesia. You ask Mrs Abdallah about her normal sleep routine and discover that she has not slept properly for days and feels exhausted. She is pale, drawn with dark circles under her eyes and complaining of fatigue. Due to decreased appetite and energy levels, Mrs Abdallah has been eating very little Halal food. You ask Mrs Abdallah her toileting habits. After telling her husband to leave the room, you learn that she has not opened her bowels for the entire week as she is frightened it will be painful and that she will bleed a lot. Mrs Abdallah normally cares for her five children aged 2 7 years of age. Her husband works 6 days a week in his own Halal butcher shop. PART A: (S/NYS) Scenario Working in collaboration with the RN the following Nursing Diagnosis are formulated for Mrs Abdallah. 1. Ineffective Airway Clearance related to viscous secretions and shallow breathing. 2. Sleep Pattern Disturbances related to cough, pain, and orthopnoea. 3. Constipation related to reduced fluids, inactivity and fear of pain defecating. 4. Acute Pain (anal) related to recent surgery and constipation. 5. Activity intolerance related to breathlessness and malaise.PART B: (S/NYS) Please discuss in your understanding of the evaluation phase of the nursing process. (S/NYS)Explain in how you will maintain the clients cultural safety whilst applying the nursing process. (S/NYS)Discuss your understanding of the concept person centred care and provide 4 examples of how you can implement person centred care for Mrs Abdallah. (S/NYS)The care plan focus for Mrs Abdallah is on the acute care of this client. Once she is significantly improved, the nurse will plan for discharge. Please identify four (4) areas of discharge teaching for Mrs Abdallah. (S/NYS) Answer: 1. Blood gases like O2 and CO2 should be monitored. Ineffective airway clearance may cause low level of O2 due to impaired external respiration. Moreover, in case of Abdallah, shallow breathing has been observed. This shallow breathing further negatively affects O2 level in the blood. Nurse should advice Abdallah to cough and breathe because through coughing she can expel the viscous secretions. As Abdallah experiencing pain in the lung during breathing, it is necessary to encourage her for breathing. Nurse should administer Abdallah with effective expectorant with best possible schedule because expectorant can loosen the viscous secretions and it is easy to expel these secretions through cough. Nurse should administer oxygen to Abdallah using facemask which can provide oxygen with flow rate 4-7 litre per minute. Due to shallow breathing there is the less oxygen in the blood and it is required to maintain oxygen saturation in the blood in between 94-98 %. Nurse should administer suitable antibiotic to Abdallah because in case of compromised lung function there are the possibility of lung infection. These antibiotics can help to arrest the growth and prevent from multiplication of the invaded bacteria (Bott et al., 2009; Berman et al., 2008). 2. Nurse should asses the sleep pattern and usual sleep time of Abdallah. Sleep pattern is a character which varies with each individual. This assessment would help nurse diagnose the exact etiology of disturbance in sleep pattern. This assessment would help to implement nursing intervention. Administer pain medicine to Abdallah before going to bed because complained about her pain. It has been well proved that pain is one of the main causes of sleep disturbance. Administering pain medicine and making Abdallah relaxed for sleep would definitely improve her sleep. Provide appropriate environment for sleep and apply massage to patient. Few people cant sleep in environment which is noisy and few people need dark environment for sleep. In such environment is not provided, there is the possibility of disturbance in mind of patient and resulting in the disturbance in sleep pattern. It was proved that massage can induce sleep. Nurse should record, Abdallahs medicine and diet. Carbohydrates can release neurotransmitter serotonin to induce sleep. Caffeine containing products disturb sleep. Bronchodilators has side effect as disturbed sleep. Nurse should administer cough medicine to Abdallah to relive from pain. Because contneous cough can disturb sleep pattern in Abdallah (Berman et al., 2008; Sateia, 2014). 3. Nurse should try to make arrangements to remove bowl contents of Abdallah. This can be done by using enemas, by softening the stools and using medications like laxatives. If faecal matter remained in the bowl for long time, it can affect patient both physiologically and psychologically. Patient can have anxiety to remove faecal matter if stayed in the bowl for long time. Nurse should make note that, patient should not overuse both enema and laxative medication. Nurse should advise Abdallah to drink more water daily. If patient is dehydrated, large intestine soaks water from the consumed food and it leads to the hardening of the stool and it is difficult to defecate hard stool. Nurse should administer fiber rich food to Abdallah. This carbohydrate, through osmotic effect can increase bulk of stool and helpful in avoiding constipation. Nurse should make compulsion for physical activity or exercise to Abdallah. It was proved that even little physical activity or daily walk for around 30 minutes can definitely improve bowl movement and improve constipation. Nurse should make arrangements to provide privacy to Abdallah at the time of defecation. As defecation is a very private act some people may face problem if they feel there is disturbance in their privacy. Nurse should make sure that door should be closed at the time of defecation of Abdallah (Schuster et al., 2015). 4. Nurse should assess exact location, duration and frequency of pain Abdallah. This assessment can be very helpful in understanding the severity of pain and planning the intervention accordingly. Nurse should assess the history of pain medications in Abdallah. If she has consumed earlier any analgesic, which is not effective. In case of analgesic drugs, there can be variability in its effect based on the individual person. Nurse should avoid administration of analgesic drugs to Abdallah, which were not effective earlier. Nurse should administer medicine (analgesic) for pain management to Abdallah. Pain management medicine can give relief to Abdallah from pain and make her comfortable in her daily activities and with less fear of pain. In case of analgesics, nurse should administer nonnarcotic analgesics rather than narcotic analgesics to Abdallah. Nurse should demonstrate non-medicine strategies for pain relief. These strategies include relaxation and meditation. These strategies have been proved successful in managing pain and distracting the patient from pain perception. In case of pain at the time defecation, nurse should make a plan for smooth bowl movement for Abdallah. These smooth bowl movement strategies include more consumption of water, carbohydrate rich food and small dose of laxatives. Pain during defecation during is mainly due to the hard stool. These smooth bowl movement techniques definitely relieve from pain (Pfenninger and Zainea, 2001). 5. Nurse should assess the exact cause of activity intolerance in Abdallah, whether it is due to physiological disturbance or it is a psychological effect. Knowing exact cause can be helpful in planning in that direction. Nurse should get information about timings and duration of daily activities and bed rest for Abdallah. In earlier studies it has been proved that bed rest in hospitals due to the medical conditions leads to more activity intolerance. Nurse should encourage, Abdallah follow suitable physical activity or exercise. Long duration immobility can lead to the shortening of muscle and augmented stiffness in the bone and cartilage. This can further lead to the immobility in the patient. Nurse should advise and train Abdallah for deep breathing. This deep breathing technique can help to improve external respiration, to reduce respiratory rate and to increase O2 saturation in the blood. This deep breathing not only helpful in improving breathlessness but also helpful in improving daily activities. Nurse should assess for the constipation in Abdallah. Less physical activity can lead to the constipation (Springhouse, 2006). Part B: 1. After completion of all the steps of nursing intervention, nurse should evaluate the outcome of intervention to get indication of patient condition. Nurse should evaluate patient condition on regular basis. If the ongoing nursing intervention is achieving the nursing goals very slowly or it is not showing positive outcome, then nursing plan should be changed accordingly. Patient should be evaluated by keeping in mind all the possible outcomes like improved condition of the patient, steadied condition of the patient, worsened condition of the patient, mortality and discharge possibility. In case of no improvement in the condition of the patient, nurse should consult physician and modify nursing intervention accordingly (Funnell et al., 2009). 2. Nurse should provide treatment and management to the patient by maintaining the personal, social and cultural identity of the patient. Nurse should protect the identity of illness of the patient to maintain wellbeing and acceptance of the patient in the society and to maintain dignity of the patient. Nurse should maintain very healthy and friendly relation with patient with positive attitude and behavior. Through this healthy relationship with nurse can understand patient I better way and it is for nurse to convince patient for treatment. Nurse should implement different strategies for people with different values, backgrounds, education, experience and beliefs. For implementing good cultural safety nurse should be good listener, confident of own work and values and respectful to other person (Milne et al., 2016). 3. Person centered care is a health management system in which patient and patient family members opinions and suggestions should be considered while implementing nursing care. In person centered care nurse should understand the values, wishes, family condition, social influence, lifestyle of patient and family. In person centered care, decisions about nursing should be discussed with patient and family members and amend according to patient comfort. Person centered care is very flexible, based on one-to-one care and should be implemented along with patient and not to the patient Examples: Enquiring about comfort for sleeping, providing personnel toilet instead of common toilet, helping Abdallah in her daily activities whenever she requires (Sharma et al., 2015). 4. Abdallah should avoid constipation. For this she should drink lot of water, eat vegetables, fruits and carbohydrate rich fruit, keep practice of walking for some time and take laxatives only on doctors advice. Abdallah should not drive, if she is taking opioids as pain medication. Abdallah should take help of others in her daily activities, she should not go outside alone and specifically she should take help of others while reaching toilet because as she is feeling constipation she may under stress while going to toilet and fall risk is there. Abdallah should keep on practicing breathing exercise and she should do this breathing exercise in morning session because breathing in morning fresh air is good to improve her breathless problem (Zeng-Treitler et a., 2008). 5. Cough, breathlessness, fatigue and sleeplessness are the four signs indicating respiratory distress of Abdallah. Nurse should try to reduce the frequency of cough because due to cough Abdallah, feeling breathlessness, fatigue and sleeplessness. If nurse can prevent cough all these problems can be controlled to some extent. Nurse can control cough by giving medication for the cough. Along with nurse should give artificial respiration to Abdallah. Nurse should improve moral of Abdallah, so that she should not feel lethargic and if she didnt feel fatigue, it can solve may problems of daily living. As a result, she can feel relaxed and get proper sleep. 6. Pain in any individual is mainly a perception due to physiological, pathological and psychological factors. Pain perception in a person mainly depends on the age, gender, cultural and educational background and prior experience of pain. Behavior of a person is not always reflecting the exact severity of the person. Some of the patients may exhibit more pain to get sympathy and some of the patients may not exhibit pain at all to get rid of hospital visits and to hide their pain from family members to keep family members happy. Due to all these factors pain assessment should be devoid of oness opinion and it should be based on the awareness, understanding and acceptance (Roberts, 2008; Fink, 2000). 7. Sleep restriction: Sleep restriction involves reducing the amount of time spent in the bed as compared to the total sleep time. Patients less than 85 % sleep efficiency required sleep therapy. Stimulus control: Patient should go to sleep in case of feeling sleepy, use bedroom only for sleep activity, leaving bedroom, if cannot sleep for more than 15 minutes, keeping same time for sleep waking up in the morning. Cognitive therapy : Patient should be aware that insomnia is a dysfunctional thought and it should be removed. Relaxation training : Relaxation techniques like deep breathing, body scanning and autogenic training can promote sleep (Siebern et al., 2012). Part C:1. Potential risks Risk prevention strategies Fall Fall can be prevented by using devices like hand rails for stairways, raised toilet seat, grab bars for water tub, bare-wood steps with nonslip. Weakness Weakness can be prevented by taking healthy diet, good sleep and reducing stress. Cognitive impairment Cognitive impairment can be best prevented by changing lifestyle such as incorporation healthy food like vegetable and fruits, regular exercise and good amount of sleep. Pressure sores Position change is the main for the prevention of pressure sores. This position change should be regular with extra care to evade stress on the skin and lesser the pressure on the susceptible region. 2. While giving nursing care nurse should think form the patients point view and should take patients opinion about comfort level to the particular intervention. When touching to the patient, nurse touch should be very gentle because this gives patient feel warmth and comfortable. Nurse should keep body language and speech with the patient very gentle. Patient should not feel embarrassed with the activities and talk of the nurse. Nurse should always try to give privacy to the patient. Curtains covering the patient bed should always be covered when there is no nursing or clinical intervention. Nurse should maintain privacy of the medical condition of the patient so that dignity of the patient should not get affected in the society (Lin and Tsai, 2011). References: Berman, A.T., Snyder, S., Kozier, B.J., and Erb, G. (2008). Kozier Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing, 8th Edition 8th Edition. Pearson Education. Bott, J., Blumenthal, S., Buxton, M., Ellum, S., Falconer, C., Garrod, R., et al. (2009). Guidelines for the physiotherapy management of the adult, medical, spontaneously breathing patient. Thorax , 64, pp. i1-i52. Fink, R. (2000). Pain assessment: the cornerstone to optimal pain management. Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center), 13(3), pp. 236239. Funnell, R., Koutoukidis, G.and Lawrence, K. (2009) Tabbner's Nursing Care (5th Edition), Elsevier Pub, Australia. Lin, Y.P., and Tsai, Y.F. (2011). Maintaining patients' dignity during clinical care: a qualitative interview study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67(2), pp. 340-8. Milne, T., Creedy, D.K., and West, R. (2016). Development of the Awareness of Cultural Safety Scale: A pilot study with midwifery and nursing academics. Nurse Education Today, 44, pp. 20-5. Pfenninger, J. L., and Zainea, G.G. (2001). Common Anorectal Conditions: Part I. Symptoms and Complaints. American Family Physician, 63(12), pp. 2391-2398. Roberts, L.J. (2008). Managing acute pain in patients with an opioid abuse or dependence disorder.Australian Prescriber, 31, pp. 133-5. Sateia, M.J. (2014). International classification of sleep disorders-third edition: highlights and modifications. Chest, 146, pp. 1387-94. Schuster, B.G., Kosar, L., and Kamrul, R. (2015). Constipation in older adults. Stepwise approach to keep things moving. Canadian Family Physician, 61(2), pp. 152158. Siebern A.T., Suh S., and Nowakowski, S. (2012). Non-Pharmacological Treatment of Insomnia. Neurotherapeutics, 9(4), pp. 717727. Sharma, T., Bamford, M., and Dodman, D. (2015). Person-centred care: an overview of reviews. Contemporary Nurse, 51(2-3), 107-20. Springhouse. (2006). Handbook of Medical-surgical Nursing. Fourth Edition. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Zeng-Treitler, Q., Kim, H., and Hunter, M. (2008). Improving Patient Comprehension and Recall of Discharge Instructions by Supplementing Free Texts with Pictographs. AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings, pp. 849853.

When I visited my local dental surgery Essay Example

When I visited my local dental surgery Essay When I visited my local dental surgery I noticed that they use a manual filing system and I felt that they could benefit from having computerised version, as it would save both time and effort for the receptionists. The organisation The Dent Care Ltd is a medium size dental surgery based in Burnt Oak. The clinic deals with all aspects of primary dental care that includes regular inspection checks (every 6 months), teeth extraction, fillings, capping and bridging to denture fitting. All work is carried out under local anaesthetic. Where major prolonged work is required they are referred to specialist dental clinic where work can be carried out under sudation. The clinic is owned in partnership by the three dental surgeons and each has a dental nurse and two receptionists all of whom are computer literate and can operate the PC without much difficulty. We will write a custom essay sample on When I visited my local dental surgery specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on When I visited my local dental surgery specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on When I visited my local dental surgery specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer At the moment, the clinic has an 80386 Compaq PC and a HP desk Jet Printer that the receptionist use for typing letters, invoices using Microsoft Word. The patients appointments are hand written in a yearly planner that they use. The planner simply has a day and times of 15 mins intervals and 5 columns. The columns are headed with the names of the three Dental surgeons. Data collection To understand the current system, three methods of data collections were considered. 1. Questionnaire to all staff Advantages Disadvantages Quick way of collecting information from large number of people. Difficult to plan questions to collect complex data Useful if people are not available for interviews Cannot probe responses. Useful if people work in different parts of the office. Some find it easier to give honest accurate answers. 2. Interview the staff Advantages Disadvantages If well planned and questions are structured in advance lot of detailed information can be captured. People may not be fully truthful. Allows probing of responses to seek clarification or ask additional questions. People may not feel comfortable being interviewed. Takes up lot of time. 3. Observe the staff doing their job. Advantages Disadvantages See unusual things that users may not be aware of. Takes up lot of time. See the efficiency of the system. People suspicious of being watched. See which user needs access to what information See what people do with the information Understand the whole process easily, as different users carry out different parts of the process. Technique used As this is a small friendly dental surgery, questionnaire technique was rejected, as everyone was happy to be observed and interviewed. Questions planned for the interview are available in appendix A. Notes from the interview are available in Appendix B. Observation notes are available in Appendix C. Customer documents collected are available in Appendix D. Current system Process of making an appointment. When a patient calls to make an appointment, they normally speak to the receptionist. The receptionist asks which consult they are registered with, date ; time they wish to attend and checks in the yearly planner if the requested time slot is available on that day. If the slot is not available then the receptionist suggests alternate times that available either on that day on another day in that week. Once the appoint is agreed, the patient name is written in the book at the agreed time and a patient appointment reminder card is filled out by hand and given to the patient. Process of seeing the dental surgeon. When the patient arrives at the clinic, they see the receptionist and say either their name or time of appointment or say which surgeon they are here to see and at what time. The receptionist looks at the yearly planner and confirms the appointment. She marks the planner with a tick to indicate the patient has arrived and asks the patient to wait. She checks her manual file system and take out the patients records. Seeing the dental surgeon The patient record is passed to the dental surgeon who looks at last appointment notes in the patients records and then the dental nurse calls the patient in. After the treatment The dental nurse shows what treatment was carried out and passes the patient records back to the receptionist. The receptionist looks at the work sheet and any other notes and books a follow-up appointment if required or discharge the patient. The receptionist looks up the chart that shows the process of various treatments that is written on a page and tells the patients how much they need to pay. Processing patient payment The customer has the option of paying by cash, by credit card or delaying payment until the end of their treatment where follow-up appointments are needed. If payments are paid she writes paid next to the treatment detail else leaves it blank if it is to be paid later. The receptionist then hand writes a receipt for the payment received and hands it to the patient. The problem The problems with the way the surgery runs at the moment are: 1. When making an appointment for the patient, the receptionist has to go through a whole column of untidy hand written appointments and to look for time slots. This is keeping the patient on the telephone far longer then is necessary. 2. When the surgery is very busy, time is wasted as one receptionist is kept waiting with a patient until the other receptionist has finished using the yearly planner. 3. Client information is sometimes not written down. 4. Records are sometimes left on the receptionist desks. 5. Time is wasted moving records around from the receptionist to the dental nurse to the dental surgeon and back again. 6. Time is looking for records that have not been filed away. 7. Time is wasted when record sheets are sometimes left out of the patients records file. 8. Sometimes appoints are not recorded on the yearly planner. 9. Sometimes the writing is difficult to read. 10. Having to look up a treatment cost item on a page of paper leads to mistakes. 11. A PC was purchased but is not fully utilised (used for word-processing only). Current computer specification: 80386 33Mhz processor 32 Mb RAM 1.44Mb floppy Disk drive EGA graphs adaptor, EGA monitor 100Mb hard disk drive Mouse, Keyboard Windows 95, Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint HP ink jet printer. Problem with this hardware ; software Supplier does, not support software, the motherboard is too slow to run modern software and upgrading with more hard disk and memory is too costly. User Requirements The people that would use the new system are: the two receptionists, the three Dental Surgeons and sometimes the three Dental Nurse. Both receptionists will have the ability to: 1. Register new patients. Check which surgeon has least number of patients? If all full, refer patient to another clinic. Otherwise take down following data for each member of the family being registered: Medical number, full name, gender, age, address, postcode, contact numbers A menu form needs to have a selection button to add new record. Access will be used for this data. 2. Delete patients record if they fail to attend two of the six monthly check-ups. Need to add two six-monthly check indicators. Letters needs to go out to them requesting them to make appointment if its been six months since last check date. Date of last appointment needs to be recorded. 3. Edit patient record. The menu form needs to have a button to update an existing record. Receptionist need to search for a record based on patients full name and be able to select to view full patient details. She can change data and the record must be resaved before they exit. A save exit button is required on the edit patient details form. 4. View patient records using surname. A query menu form button is needed to allow viewing of records by surname. 5. View patients by surgeon. A query menu form button is needed to allow viewing of patients by surgeon. 6. Record payment state (paid, postpone payment, no charge) The patient record needs to have payment field, and amount outstanding, with three options for data. (paid, deferred, free). If amount is paid, a receipt must be printed. 7. A appointment form is required that allows new appoints to be booked, existing appoints to be confirmed, existing appointment to be deleted. The Appointment data record is needed that records, patients name. The record needs to have, surgeon name, date, time with 15 mins intervals. Beginning at 9.00 and ending with 6.00P.M. These should be set defaulted to available, a patient name is entered in this field if appoint is made and reset to available if appointment is cancelled. Appointment menu form must have two options a phone appointment or surgery follow-up appointment. The surgery follow-up appointment must print the appointment card. (This may be better done in spreadsheet, this will not be implemented) 8. View available appointments must show all available time slots at a glance for that day. It needs to show only what is available by surgeon. (Will not be implemented) 9. Training: require short training on how to use the newly developed system. Project Plan. The overall project is to be carried out in three phases, and only phase 1 will be implemented at this time: Phase1 : A single user system for the two receptionist to share. Phase2: A multi user system allowing both receptionists the use of the system at the same time. Phase3: A multi user records access for the dental surgeons. Proposed solution: A small and effective database system is to be developed that can handle the above user requirements. The user requirements 7 and 8 will not be implemented at this stage due to timescales available. Database software options: Access or Excel What are the similarities between excel and Access? * They both have a form view and a table view * They can input data * They can produce tables * They have Form view * They can both do queries * They can add or delete records * They can both have Validation, which is when the computer checks the information being put in the computer is sensible. i.e. if it has 11 spaces for a telephone or mobile number and you enter twelve it wont let you move on. It also changes mistakes if it thinks they are wrong. What are the differences? * In Access you have to chose a field * In access you have to make the first field the key field which is a unique number so that you can not mistake it for anything else * In Access you have wizards to help you create tables, forms, and reports * Access is a relational database which means you can link together tables * In Access its easier to do Mail Merge and produce reports. * Excel specializes in number processing and modeling where as access special in data management. Proposed hardware A suitable specification I think they need is: * 512mb RAM, 80 Gb Hard Drive * 2.8 GHz processor * 56K modem, Keyboard, Mouse * 128Mb 3D Video graphics adaptor, 17 flat screen monitor * Ink jet printer * CD RW drive, 1.44Mb floppy * 100Mbit Ethernet network card. Reasons for choosing this specification: Computer is fast and can run all modern software. Large amount of RAM to allow multiple tasks to be run. CD RW drive allows reliable backing ups of data. Network card will be required for multi user system. A large flat screen monitor is selected to save space in a small reception room. A small ink jet printer is selected because the demand for printing is quite small. Proposed Software Specifications * MS Office 2000 professional software suite MsWord, Excel, PowerPoint, Access, Outlook, * Operating System Windows XP I have chosen Windows XP, as it is the latest of the Windows. It is easy to use, allows multi-access accounts to be setup for different users. Application Suite, as it is cheaper than buying each program separately. It also allows strong data portability between various applications for example, create process models on spreadsheets, Use Access for patients records storage and queries and do Mail Merge with Word for generating payment receipts and printing follow-up appointment card. Access has the additional advantages of being able to validate data, sort data by various options, perform searches, create a standard reports and merge with other packages like a word processor to allow standardized letters. Hardware Options: A lap top and a Desk top similar spec computers were compared to determine the best value. Desktop : Pentathlon Thunderbird ( Supplier: http://www.pentathlondirect.co.uk ) * 266MHz FSB Motherboard with Athlon XP2000 Processor * 64Mbmax Integrated 3D graphics, * 256mb RAM, 40GB, 17 inch monitor * CD Re-Writer , CD-ROM Drive * 56K Modem * 3.5 Floppy Disk Drive * Keyboard , Mouse 3 years parts and labour return to manufacturer. Supplied with original Microsoft XP installation CD and all drivers for Windows 95/98/ME/2000 and XP Price: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 475 including VAT Laptop Supplier: http://www.thelaptopsite.com Reference LAP03-829021 Manufacturer Hewlett Packard Model Evo NX9005 Processor AMD Athlon 2000 Memory 256mb HDD 30gb FDD 1.44 FDD CDROM/DVD DVD/CDRW Operating System Windows XP Professional Display 14.1 tft Condition New Manufacturers Warranty Price: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 799 including VAT I have decided to recommend a desktop tower computer rather then a lap top because: Desktop comes with a larger screen size, it can be placed on the floor under the desk and out of sight; it is much cheaper then a similar spec laptop. The price of the desktop recommended will be approximately à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1200. DESIGN All forms will be designed in this style. This will ensure everything looks similar for the user. Item Text details Text Position Colour Background Main Heading Font:20:Italic:Bold Centered Blue Form colour Labels Font: 14: Bold Left aligned Black Form colour Buttons Font:12:Bold Centre Black grey Forms N/A N/A N/A Dark Cyan background Compulsory data Font:12: Left Black Light orange Optional data Font:12 Left Black Light green Diagram showing the major components of the inputs and outputs User FORMS Design: Query1. Purpose: View patients belonging to a specified surgeon. Input: Surgeon name Process: Query database to look all patients against name given. Output: shows gender, forename, surname, contact numbers for all patients found. Query 2. View patient details. Input: Patient forename and surname Process: Query database to look for all patients against forename and surname. Output: Show full record details about the patient Pressing new patient Button brings up this form Database design New patient record Field Name Type Length Required Indexed Validation Duplicates Record ID Auto Number Primary key Yes No No No Medical No text 20 chars Yes No No No Gender text 1 char Yes No M/F Yes Forename text 20chars Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Surname text 20 char Yes Yes Type Check (cap first letter) Yes House No text 10 char Yes No No Yes Address1 text 50 chars Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Address2 text 20 char Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Address3 text 20 char Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Address 4 text 20 char Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Post code text 9 char Yes No Type Check (ccnn ccnn) yes Day time No text 12 char Yes No Character check Yes Mobile No text 12 char Yes No Character Check Yes DOB Date 10 char Yes No Type Check Yes Last appointment Date 10 char Yes No Type Check Yes Expiry date date 10 Char Yes No Type Check Yes Reminder status Text 1 char Yes No Y/N Yes Payment status Text 10 chars Yes No Paid, Defer, Free Yes Amount due Currency Integer No Yes Type Check Yes Surgeons table Field Name Type Length Required Indexed Validation Duplicates Surgeon ID Auto Number Primary key Yes No N/A No Title Text 4 char Yes No Dr, Mr, Mrs, Miss Yes Forename Text 20 Char Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Surname Text 20 Char Yes Yes Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Address1 Text 50 Char Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Address2 Text 20 Char Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Address3 Text 20 Char Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Address4 Text 20 Char Yes No Type Check (cap first letter) Yes Post Code Text 9 Char Yes No Type Check (ccnn ccnn) Yes Home No Text 12 char Yes No Character Check Yes Mob No Text 12 char Yes No Character Check Yes Surgery Table Field Name Type Length Required Indexed Validation Duplicates Patient ID Number Long Integer Yes Yes field key No Surgeon ID Number Long Integer Yes Yes field key No Diagram showing how the tables are linked together by key fields. Appendix A Questions for the interview 1. When patients joins the clinic what information do you record.? 2. When patient makes an appointment what information do you take down? 3. When patient arrives for his treatment, how do you note who is waiting for which surgeon? 4. When a person needs a follow-up appointment what do you record? 5. What additional tasks do you perform for a follow-up appointment? 6. How do you record information about patient payments of treatment? 7. What difficulties do you experience when you become very busy? 8. What happens to patients that you cannot deal with? 9. How do you track patients for different surgeons? 10. How many people are there working at the surgery? 11. How do you know how much to charge for different treatments? 12. Do patients cancel appoints? 13. What happens when they do this? Appendix B Answers given at interview A.1 When a new patients comes to register with us, we know the number of new patients that each surgeon will take. If they can take on new patients, then, we ask them to fill in a form about their medical details otherwise we refer them to another dental surgery. We then check the form and ask them to sign their declaration. We ask for their medical card and record the number as well as their names and address details. We also ask for details about their family members and their details. A.2 We take down their first name and surname and record it in our appointment planner against the surgeons name and time of appointment. The planner allows us to make appointments every 15 mins. A3. Yes, when a patient arrives, they usually say the time of their appointment and their name. We write a tick against their name, which indicates they are wait in reception. A4. We do the same as we did before as if the patient is making a new appointment but we know their name and surgeons name so simply agree on suitable time? A5. When we agree on the appointment time and day, we fill in a appoint card with the date and time details and hand it to the patient. We also ask about them to see if they wish to pay today or pay for everything at the end of the treatment. Most patients prefer to pay as treatment is being carried out. Some do decide they will pay the total amount at the end. We also have patients that dont have to pay if they are on job seeker allowance or social security benefit. A6. We make a note on the treatment card, if they have paid or deferred payment or no charge. If they pay we write out a receipt for them. A7. I find it very frustrating when we have people making queries and we have to wait for the appointment planner to be freed up before we can deal with the patient. We sometimes spend time looking for patient sheets in the filing cabinet which one of us has not filed and may be lying on the desk. Sometimes we dont get the treatment sheet and have to ask the dental nurse to look for it the surgeons treatment room and the customer is kept waiting. A8. The dental surgeon refers the patient to the specialist clinic. This involves writing to the clinic and requesting an appointment. It can three to four weeks for the appointment to come. A9. We file each patient records in different filing cabinet and on the planner we write down the name of the surgeon so that his patients are under his named column. A10. There are the three surgeons, three medical nurse and two of us at reception. A11. We have a list of treatments and prices against them. The surgeon writes down what treatment he has carried out and calculates the total. A12/13. Yes, quite often, all we do is put a diagonal line across it and make a new appointment. If they cancel before 48 hours, we do not charge them, otherwise we charge them à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20. Appendix C Notes taken during observation Observing the surgeon: Receptionist takes the notes from the filing cabinet and passes it to the nurse. The surgeon checks his last notes. The nurse calls the patient in. The treatment is carried out and the surgeon writes, the treatment he carried out and indicates if follow-up appointment is needed, he makes a brief notes about what he needs to do next time. The patient leaves the treatment room and the nurse returns the patient file to the receptionist desk. The next patient is the called in. Observing the Dental Nurse: Dental nurses are only involved in fetching and returning the patients records to and from the surgeon and assisting the surgeon. They do not write anything on the patients notes. Observing the Receptionist: Confirmed what the receptionist said she did with customer handling process. All information given during the interview was correct. Also observed the time wasted when the clinic becomes busy and how frustrated they become having to share a single appointment planner. The times they take to write out the receipt and appointment card is quite effective, but it takes a lower priority to ensuring surgeons receives the patients records and are not waiting. This means keeping the customer waiting longer then is necessary. Customer are frequently kept waiting as they try to pay for treatment or make follow-up appointments. New people arriving are given higher priority.