Accounting (Managerial) 530 Portfolio Case Study Essay

Imagine you are applying to become a trainee in a management consulting company, Solutions Inc., which claims to deliver innovative solutions. They are looking for innovative employees who engage with their work. The selection process will be rigorous. You know you will be asked to submit reports based on questions regarding your knowledge of management accounting practice and strategic management accounting. To provide a context for the reports, you have been provided with a scenario in the form a case study on which the questions are based. To answer the questions you are going to have to do some research in the library. Giving you the questions is a method to test your information literacy skills. Submitting your answers in the form of reports is a way of testing your aptitude as an analyst and communicator. Scenario on which to base your report submissions Assume you have been appointed as a consulting Management Accountant to an organization with rapidly growing sales and expanding customer acceptance in the surf wear clothing target market 18-30 years. The clothing is sold under an increasingly recognized brand name worldwide. Sales are made online -both internationally and locally, as well as through franchised outlets. The accounting system has not kept pace with the growth and complexity of the company. It is even more critical for the company to take control of its finances in the current slow recovery of the U.S. and European markets. You have been given a list of issues listed below by the management of the company. In analysing the issues, the management of the company is concerned that the accounting system does not provide tight cost control, measure quality control, and does not provide a good basis for the budgeting system. No cost analysis has been done within the company to date. The management of the company wishes you to investigate the following issues; given that management wishes to maintain growth in this turbulent environment: Report One (Issues 1 to 3) Issue 1: It is difficult to see the relationship between the stated cost of production and the selling price for the various lines of clothing ranging from simple to complex clothing. According to the management â€Å"We don’t need a product costing system. About half of our product range is made in China and shipped to online customers from there so we avoid GST. The remainder of our production consists of a growing range of high value, small batches of swim wear, surf wear and wet suits. We apply a just-in-time approach so that our inventories are minimal. We have little influence over product price as price competition is on the increase and brand loyalty isn’t sufficiently strong to justify uncompetitive prices. Anyway, our accountant is already far too busy to bother with a product costing system†. In your submission to the management, discuss the current no costing policy, and present an argument in support of undertaking an appropriate product costing system. Issue 2: The managers of the company have been convinced that they need a better costing system for their local production. They have heard about Activity Based Costing and they believe that it will improve the accuracy of the costing of their products. In your submission to the management, provide the conditions under which the use of activity based costing may be justified, and whether you believe there is a case to implement Activity Based Costing in this organization. Issue 3: The management of the company has concerns that they do not know enough about the relationship between cost and profit. Include in your submission to the  management, a discussion on the difficulties they may face in gathering the information they might need to carry out an analysis of cost behavior, and the development of a cost function in this company. A brief comment on the benefits the company can derive from a full understanding of cost behavior is also desirable. Report Two (Issues 4 to 6) Issue 4: The management wants to be able to predict the effect on profits resulting from changes in volume, costs and prices. Prepare a submission for management on how this may be done, and the difficulties that they are likely to face in undertaking this sort of analysis. Issue 5: Previously the company did not use budgets because the owners were the managers of the business and close to activities being managed and did not feel the need for budgets. As the company has grown, and the operations have become more diverse, professional managers have been recruited. Include in your submission an argument for budgeting, indicating the benefits of budgeting, and the factors to take into consideration when faced with uncertainty regarding sales growth. Issue 6: The company has a need to make choices sometimes whether to make or buy certain of the products carrying their brand. On other occasions they are also required to make decisions on special prices when a potential retailer makes an offer to buy goods from them at a price lower than their normal price. The management currently make their decisions in these matters based on the average cost of goods sold in the previous accounting period. Discuss the concept of Relevant cost and benefits, and the type of accounting and non-accounting information they would need for such decisions. Instructions for the portfolio submissions: 1. Assume that the management of the company has little technical knowledge in management accounting. You would need to define terms and explain concepts to the management before linking those terms and concepts to your report. 2. You must submit your responses in the form of two separate reports as follows: a. Report 1 covering Issues 1 to 3 b. Report 2 covering Issues 4 to 6 You should read the Guidelines available on blackboard prior to writing up your report. There are strict requirements as regards formatting and layout.

Explain the Causes and Consequences of the Iraq War Essay

On the 20th of March 2003, US cruise missiles and bombs were dropped on Baghdad, Iraq’s capital city. The target was the then Iraqi president, Saddam Hussein’s and his closest aides, who were believed to be in a meeting. It would be the start of a conflict that would still be going strong seven years later. Even after so many years of US-led invasion, the reasons for invading Iraq are still debated worldwide. As Allawi (2007) argues ‘in the history of conflicts and wars, there are few instances that match the invasion and occupation for complexity of motive and ambiguity of purpose’[1]. As a result, the Iraq War or otherwise known as ‘Operation Iraqi freedom’ was to become one of the most controversial wars to date especially because of the overwhelming international hostility. It is one of the most important events that affected the world, radically changing 21st century international relations. This essay will be structured as follows the first section will explore the causes of the war. It argues that the main cause of the war was the perceived threat of Iraq’s possession of weapons of mass destruction. This study further argues an attempt to bring democracy to the country and getting rid of the country’s authoritarian leader was another cause of the Iraq war. The second section will explore the consequences such of the war from four different perspectives: the humanitarian consequences, the military consequences, the political consequences and finally the economic consequences. This will be followed by a conclusion. Hallenbery and Karlsson (2005) argue that the September 11th attacks on the twin towers in 2001 to some extent led to the Iraq invasion. The attack on the twin towers is one of the events that changed the world forever. Soon after the attacks, the then president, George Bush Jr, publically televised America’s War on Terror. The first of America’s target was Afghanistan, in particular the Taliban ‘who openly supported the Al-Qaeda’[2]and ‘allowed Afghani territory to be used for training camps and bases’[3]. However even after the invasion of Afghanistan, America was still concerned about possible threats. The US concluded that the September 11th attacks showed that ‘some countries could ally themselves with terrorist movements’[4] and most importantly provide them with weapons of mass destruction. Bush was especially concerned by Saddam Hussein’s Iraq. It was well known that during the 1980/90’s, Saddam had access to weapons of mass destruction. He had used them on his own people, killing thousands of innocent Kurds during the attack on Halabja[5]. Furthermore Saddam showed persistent hatred towards the west, especially America. The perceived threat of Saddam Hussein’s weapons of mass destruction was the main cause of the Iraq War. As already mentioned, soon after the September 11th attacks and the invasion of Afghanistan, Bush placed is attentions onto Iraq. Both the US government and the UK government argued that the invasion of Iraq was necessary for a number of reasons. Firstly, it was seen as part of the axis of evil, alongside Iran and North Korea, accused of seeking weapons of mass destruction and helping terrorism. Secondly, Saddam’s regime was linked to Al-Qaeda. It was feared that he might pass the weapons of mass destruction to Al-Qaeda who could potentially use them against western democracy’s. Thirdly, Iraq was accused of not only possessing WMD’s but was developing more deadly ones[6]. During 2002, speech after speech, Bush argued that world faced a common problem; Iraq. He pledged to work with the United Nations to deal with the issues posed by Iraq. By the end of 2002 the United Nations Security Council adopted resolution 1441; they gave their final opportunity to Saddam to comply with its disarmament obligations of face serious actions. However, by 2003, the US, UK and Spain introduced the ‘second resolution’ arguing that Iraq failed to take the final opportunity provided by the UN Security Council to disarm. The second resolution meant the authorisation of immediate force to disarm Saddam’s Iraq. [8] However, France’s president Jack Chiroc argued that they would veto the resolution. Crisis talks were held with the leaders of the US, UK and Spain resulting in the withdrawal of the resolution. The very same evening, President Bush televised a live conference warning that if Saddam Hussein did not leave Iraq in 48 hours the result would be ‘military conflict commenced at the time of our choosing’[9]. Therefore the main cause of the Iraq War was the threat of Saddam Hussein’s claimed WMDs. Prior to the invasion, American policy makers also emphasised ‘the broad benefits likely to result from the removal of Saddam Hussein’s authoritarian regime into a ‘cultivation of a democratic regime’[10]. They argued that democratization of Iraq would improve the well being of Iraqi citizens, politically and economically. Furthermore, and perhaps most importantly, the democratization of Iraq would help stimulate greater economic prosperity and promote further democracy in the rest of the middle east – a region historically characterised by authoritarian governments where there is a wide spread of conflict, instability and widespread poverty[11]. Moreover it was claimed that the democratization of Iraq would set the stage for the settlement of conflicts that had plagued the Middle Eastern region for decades which would mean the chance to create lasting peace. [12] This next section will examine the consequences of the Iraq war. Soon after the US entered Iraq, the Ba’ath party quickly crumbled. Many of the key members were killed soon after the invasion began. Saddam Hussein on the other hand, went on the run. This left the the country without a leader. Nine months after the war had begun, on the 14th of December, Saddam was finally captured. His capture would be the biggest, and some say only, accomplishment of the Iraq War. Shortly After his rise to power, Saddam’s ruthless tendencies came to light. For example he would often use violence to achieve his political goal, murdering any of his rivals. He invaded neighbours Iran in 1990 and Kuwait in 1991. He also created a secret police. The most disturbing of his actions could be seen in the events in small Kurdish town, in northern Iraq, called Halabja. As a result of Kurdish opposition, ‘Iraqi aircraft dropped canisters believed to contain a lethal cocktail of the nerve agents sarin, tabun, VX and mustard gas on the town’[13]. Over 5,000 civilians died, most to be believed women and children. Thousands of more were permanently affected[14]. Time and time again, Saddam showed no remorse about killing his own people. It is also believed he was also responsible for the deaths of his own daughter’s husbands. Altogether, although there is no official count of how many deaths Saddam caused, it is estimated to be around the region of 400, 00 to 50,000. Soon after his capture, Saddam was put on trial for crimes against humanity. He was found guilty killed and sentenced to death by hanging. He was hanged on the 30th December 2006. The removal of the brutal, ruthless, remorseless and genocidal leader is therefore seen a positive consequence of the Iraq War. Another consequence of the Iraq war is the failure to bring stability and democracy into the country. As already mentioned previously in this study, one of the causes of the war were to democratize the country which would in turn result into stability of not only the country but the whole region. The US led coalition were able to take Iraq within a matter of weeks as the Iraqi army proved weak. Instead the coalition forces faced a guerrilla style war. Insurgency intensified shortly after the war began. It seemed that almost, everyday there was a new story about some type of suicide bomber attack. However even after seven years, such attacks in Iraq are still are nearly an everyday occurrence. For example, the latest attack which happened on the August 17th 2010, 57 Iraqi recruits and soldiers were killed in Baghdad, while 123 were seriously wounded by a suicide bomber who blew himself up at an army recruitment centre[15]. The consequence of this latest attacks is that even after seven years, coalition forces have failed to stabilize the country. Interestingly, Wehrey et al (2010) argues that the removal of Saddam ‘upset a traditional balance of power in the region'[16], bringing further instability into the country. Traditionally, the balance of power in the region involved Iran and Arab nations. However with the Iraq war, the balance of power has now shifted towards Iran. Wehrey et al (2010) further argues that this shift in the balance of power has led to widespread concern amongst Arab states because of how easily Iran can ‘manoeuvre in the core of the Middle East, from Lebanon to Gaza'[17]. Therefore one of the consequences of the war and the removal of Saddam has ‘created the perception of increased vulnerability on the Arab side’. [18] The attempts to bring democracy have also failed. Iraq is no more democratised then before. This can be proven by the recent election results. Although elections were successfully held in 2005 to create a transitional national assembly whose main purpose was to create a constitution. As a result Prime Minister Nouri Maliki was able to formulate a government. However the recent election results have so far not been so successful, as six after Iraqi’s went to the polls, no winner has been declared due to delays and claims of vote rigging. The importance of the 2010 elections was great as the party who one would be the first to rule over a fully sovereign Iraq since the invasion of Iraq in 2003. [19] However the months of political instability has brought about fears of insurgency violence arising to levels seen between 2003-2006, where violence was at its highest. One of the major consequences of the war has been the huge loss of life. The BBC estimate that over 90,000 Iraqi civilians have been killed in since the beginning of the war. It estimated that nearly 5,000 casualties from the coalition forces[20]. However the number of causalities, both civilian and military, have been falling in the last few years. The loss of creditability of both the US and UK governments have been another consequence of the war. Mitchell argues that a number of policy errors were made by both governments. He argues that ‘opinions were not debated, intelligence was selectively used, the invasion lacked sufficient force, there was a failure to anticipate on insurgency and postwar planning was poorly devised. There has been widespread anger that the reasons for war were found true, therefore as some claim, making the war unjust and illegal. In the case of the British Government, the then prime minster, Tony Blair, popularity had fallen hugely as many believed he had led the country into war under false pretences. Wehrey et al (2010) make an interesting point. They argue that once consequence of the Iraq war is that is ‘has provided an anti-Western motivational focus and consolidated pre-existing grievances’[21]. The beginning stages of the war particularly from 2003 to 2006, presented a narrative of resistance to the US led invasion that proved powerfully ttractive to people across the region ‘whose immediate local grievances may have been unrelated to Iraq itself but who nonetheless may have been inspired toward violence by the war’[22]. Furthermore Al-Qaeda, successfully portrayed Iraq as the most striking example of an infidel invasion of an Arab Muslim land[23]. The economic consequences of the Iraq war have also been great. Reports have suggested that the cost of the war for the US is over three trillion dollars. Before the war, Iraq’s economy was weak due to decades of economic mismanagement by Saddam. Although Iraq was oil rich- it had huge debts due to Saddam’s wars in Iran and Kuwait. Furthermore economic sanctions from the UN during the 1990’s heavily affected Iraq’s economy. The country was never quite able to bounce back from the sanctions despite the large oil reserves. The impact of the war has worsened the situation. Unemployment it at an all time high and rebuilding infrastructure that was destroyed by the war, has been slow. The war has also brought about the problems of refugees. The United Nations commissioner for refugees argues that there are nearly one million refugees as a result of the war and roughly about 1. 5 million internally displaced person ‘a third of who are living in settlements or camp-like situations in extremely poor conditions’[24]. In conclusion, the main cause of the Iraq was the belief that Saddam Hussein was in possessions of weapons of mass destruction. Although it was no secret that Saddam had access to WMDs in the past, UN inspections would later find no evidence of them. Another cause for war was the belief that the overthrow of Saddams brutal regime would allow the democraztisation of the country which would improve Iraqi lives and lead to economic prosperity. Futhermore it would enable peace in a region which was riddled by conflict and instability. The toppling of saddam’s authoraitive rule and then eventual capture of the ruler was one of the rare success stories of the war. However this seems to be the only one. An attempt to bring democracy to the country has yet to be achieved; the casualities of the war have been high, people have lost confidence in governments and some have argued that the war has led to increased terror levels and consolidated an increased anti-western focus. Only time will tell the full extent of the wars further impacts. With America preparing to end its combat mission and end the number of American troops in Iraq, Iraq’s future looks dim. Even after six months of Iraqi’s going to the polls, a government has still not been formed. Fears are growing that Iraq still may not have the ability to provide security for itself or to be able to govern. Although Iraq may have got rid of their despot leader, the already weak country may have become even weaker as a result of the war.

Bradshaw’s Theory Essay

Bradshaw’s theory about the growth of children is very accurate. When a child experiences pain and suffering at a young age they become emotionally damaged. For example my Grandpa caused my uncle a lot of pain and guilt when he was young because my grandpa divorced by grandma and left my uncle to be the man of the house at such a young age. Today my uncle still has not forgiven my grandfather and he has trouble getting close to other people. In order for my uncle to move forward in his life he has to deal with the issue between himself and my grandfather. Erickson’s theory is if you are treated well and grow up in a warm and caring home you will be better off in life. For example ever since I was very little I have always been able to trust both of my parents especially my mom. I always turn to her for advice and tell her everything. As a result of that I try to be a very trustworthy person because I want other people to feel like they also have someone they can count on. Maslow’s hierarchies of human needs are about the differences between the things we need and the things we desire. For example we need things such as food water and air. We also need security and stability, but we desire self-resect, independence, and self-fulfillment. Although we physically couldn’t survive without the things we need we mentally could not live a happy life without the things we desire.

Family Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Family Communication - Essay Example When considering verbal messages, which helps family members to understand each other in a better light, it helps to build better relationships within the family. Current research carried out utilizes first person narratives and other family functions to analyze patterns of interactions carried out within the family.It also examines the communication processes of different family members in relation to its ethnic patterns, structure, and their progressive experiences which in turn affect and is affected by the society at large. Understanding the patterns of verbal messages within the family is a great asset to its members and this is partly achieved by understanding communication within the family because it is the communication that shapes and is shaped by family relationships. For example, a couple who attends marriage education classes would be in a better position to communicate with each other on a much better level both verbally and non–verbally. Therefore by changing th eir communication habits after marriage, it would have a major positive effect on their relationship, not only with each other but towards other members in thefamily. Another example of this would be of siblings growing close to each other when they lose both parents. They learn to communicate with each other verbally by sharing all their joys and sufferings even after they marry and move away from each other.Non-abusive parents use more verbal â€Å"time-outs, privilege denials, and explanation of consequences to discipline their children.

Course work questions 10-11-12 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Course work questions 10-11-12 - Coursework Example As a teacher, encourage correction from both the person and the group incase a mistake happens. Participate in correcting students where they go wrong by first explaining why that is wrong then giving the correct answer. How would you introduce your students to the culture of an English-speaking country? Please describe an activity, which would help them learn more about the country and increase their cultural sensitivity. You may use one of the activities mentioned in the module, (Polls, Excursions, films, Q&A, Guest Speaker) see upload from module. I will use guest speakers who have integrated into the new culture. Before every session, I will first alert my students that we will have a guest speaker in the class to help us understand the new culture. Being their teacher, encouraging students to prepare questions on the culture will be helpful to avoid cases of no response to anything presented by the speaker. I will talk with the guest speaker on the issues I will need him/her to handle concerning the cultural differences in my class before the session. Once the guest speaker is in class, I will introduce him/her and once again encourage students to ask as many questions as they can to the guest speaker. Later on, we will have an open session where students will give feedback on the importance of having the speaker and how well the session has helped them understand the culture of an English speaking

Women in Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Women in Advertising - Essay Example The essay "Women in Advertising" talks about the advertising today is one of the integral phenomena of modern life and the social roles of men and women which they have to carry out. Advertising images are simplified and stereotyped, but in such form they influence people, forcing them not only to buy goods but also reflect in their behavior. In addition to this, very often advertising describes public relations, including gender relations. Simplified nature of sexual roles, forms their similar treatment in the life of each certain individual, this means that, besides the main function (to force the buyer to choose these goods), advertising carries one more function which is social (it creates public relations). Furthermore, advertising transfers the social status or individual feeling concerning the certain product. There you will never hear or see the simple words â€Å"Buy this!†, this may be substituted by the other phrase. In general, they speak about things that you cann ot buy for the money. One cannot deny the fact that the image of a woman from antiquity in all cultures is an embodiment of sexuality and fertility. That is why the majority of the ads are focused on men’s audience, contains an image of the woman: the temptress and fatal beauty with roundish, convex forms. As a rule, women in such advertising show half naked body or its parts in seductive poses that denote an open hint on sex. The romantic image in it has rather a big impact on the audience as it casts thoughts of the finest and strong feeling.

Theory and Practice of Health Surveillance in the Workplace Coursework

Theory and Practice of Health Surveillance in the Workplace - Coursework Example of Theory and Practice of Health Surveillance in the Workplace Introduction The delight of many people in finding employment is to work and operate in a safe workplace environment that also gives assurance of good health. However, evidence from modern workplace environments will confirm that there exist numerous health and safety issues at workplace (Lewis and Thornbory, 2010). The presence of these varied health and safety issues cannot guarantee workers and all other persons involved meaningful occupation environment hence it is always important to ensure the identified issues are dealt with. In an attempt to ensure there is promotion of adequate health and safety of individuals in the workplace, risk assessment has become one way of identifying the pertinent problems and issues compounding the workplace (Lewis and Thornbory 2010). The essence of risk assessment is to identify the risks present and subsequently create a safe system in the workplace. What should be known is that, in most cases health, safety risks present in the working environment are not seen or felt, and therefore, demonstrable signs may be absent. As a result, the effects may remain hidden only to surface after a particular period. The evolution of health surveillance in the workplace has been gradual but impacting and it is from this interest that effort will be made to conduct evidence-based analysis of health surveillance practice in the workplace. The focus of the paper will center on; discussion and exploration of nature and purpose of workforce surveillance, legal requirements for conducting health surveillance, types of health surveillance and also evidence-based analysis of health surveillance to particular occupational exposure. Throughout this, the role of occupational health in responding to abnormal findings will be evaluated and how well they can be communicated to employees and managers, and discussion on the quality assurance systems and processes used for surveillance will be assessed. Health Surveillance in the Workplace Profound changes are taking place at the workplace in many countries and industries and the nature of changes can be evidenced in the increasing change in work, work environments, and employment patterns (Lilley and Feyer, 2010). All these aspects are seen to be shaped and influenced by the increasing political, economic, technological, and social change that characterizes the modern societies (Lilley and Feyer 2010). Emergence of these new profiles of hazards is negatively impacting the health and safety of workers, a concern that calls for appropriate actions of mitigation. The overall measure has been a call, sometimes a legal call for employers to initiate programs and measures that should promote the health and safety of its employees. Both international and national bodies have been formulated as guidance frameworks that propagate for enhancement of a health and safer working environment for workers. International Labor Organiz ation (ILO) has in place, Occupational Safety and Health Convection number 155 and the Occupational Health Service Convection number 161, in which employers in both convections are required to ensure health and safety needs of workers are promoted (Stellman and International Labour Office 1998). In this way, employers through appropriate programs are supposed to promote the health

Cross-Culture Management - the Breakdown of Industrial Relations at HM Term Paper

Cross-Culture Management - the Breakdown of Industrial Relations at HMSI and HRM Strategy - Term Paper Example This outcome resulted due to the malfunction of both management as well as the workers. The ultimate effect was on the breakdown of the Industrial Relations. The failure of the company stemmed from a breakdown of strategic sustenance. The environment on the shop floor was made harsh by the behaviour of the top executives. For instance, the VP from Japan kicked off a worker in his leg, another worker was not allowed to go to the toilet. These instances show the failure of following the HR strategies which was to have respect for each worker stemmed from equality, trust and initiative. The strategy was to avoid partiality on workers but the scenario was formed as such that it violated the norms of this strategy (Saini, â€Å"People Management Fiasco in Honda Motorcycles and Scooters India Ltd.†). Among the three joys that the company provided, the most important one was the joy of producing high-quality products. Along with these joys, an extension was made to its mission and that was the joy of creating which was to help workers obtain happiness in their daily work. Somewhere justice was not provided to the workers due to the prevalence of cross-cultural issues (Saini, â€Å"People Management Fiasco in Honda Motorcycles and Scooters India Ltd.†). Management of the above cross-cultural issues is essential to a firm’s success but the most important trait of an organizational success is the communication portrayed at the right time in the right form. The communication approach leads to a reduction of trade union violence within the  companies.  

Credit Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Credit Report - Essay Example Fair Credit Reporting Act was amended by adding the following new subsections:Fair Credit Reporting Act was amended by adding the following new subsections:†¢ RESELLER.—the term ‘reseller’ means a consumer reporting agency that assembles and merges information contained in the database of another consumer reporting agency or multiple consumer reporting agencies concerning two or any consumers for purposes of furnishing such information to any third party, to the extent of such activities; and does not maintain a database of the assembled or merged information from which new consumer reports are produced.†¢ Identity theft prevention; to identify theft, means a fraud committed using another person’sIdentifying information, subject to such further definition as the commission and the board may prescribe, jointly, by regulation. Have different sections that it represents and includes the following: a] Investigating changes of address and inactive acco unts this is done by the federal banking agencies and the national credit union administration] Fraud alerts.Include a fraud alert in the file of that consumer for a period of not less than 90 days beginning on the date of such request, unless the consumer specifically requests that such fraud alert be removed before the end of such periodc] Truncation of credit card and debit card account numbers d] Summary of rights of identity theft victims e] Establishment of procedures for depository institutions to identify possible Instances of identity theft f] Study on the use of technology to combat identity theft.

Report on Packaging Industry Essay Example for Free

Report on Packaging Industry Essay All major industries create wealth but if there is one industry that plays a unique role by way of both creation of wealth through a wide range of manufacturing activities and also by way of preserving the wealth or value created by many, many other industries, it is packaging. Apart from the huge value addition and employment involved in these activities, packaging has served the Indian economy by helping preservation of the quality and lengthening the shelf life of innumerable products ranging from milk and biscuits, to drugs and medicines, processed and semi-processed foods, fruits and vegetables, edible oils, electronic goods etc. besides domestic appliances and industrial machinery and other hardware needing transportation. With water becoming a consumer product, polymer material-based bottles are becoming a universal presence. Packaging, as distinct from mere â€Å"packing†, plays it? s most visible and catalytic role in a modern economy with the widespread adoption of branding of products and development of consumer preferences. To the extent that any consumer product is packaged in a manner that meets the criteria of safety, convenience and attractiveness, it gains market share. In the aggregate, packaging as a sectoral activity boosts consumption and economic growth. Packaging, as distinct from mere â€Å"packing†, plays it? s most visible and catalytic role in a modern economy with the widespread adoption of branding of products and development of consumer preferences. To the extent that any consumer product is packaged in a manner that meets the criteria of safety, convenience and attractiveness, it gains market share. In the aggregate, packaging as a sectoral activity boosts consumption and economic growth. The packaging industry? s growth has led to greater specialization and sophistication from the point of view of health (in the case of packaged foods and medicines) and environment friendliness of packing material. The demands on the packaging industry are challenging, given the increasing environmental awareness among communities. The World Packaging Organization? s (WPO) slogan, â€Å"Better Quality of Life Through Better Packaging†, sumps up the important place that packaging occupies in a modern economy. To ensure that public appreciation of this role and the policy-makers? support to the industry are not diluted, attention should be paid to basic issues like collection, segregation and reuse of synthetic packaging material and observation of regulatory requirements.

Patient Need During Mechanical Ventilation Literature Review

Patient Need During Mechanical Ventilation Literature Review Review of literature is a systematic search of the published work to gain information about a research topic. It is a compilation that provides the ground work for the study. A literature review is a Critical analysis of a segment of a published body of knowledge through summary, classification and comparison of prior research studies, review of literature, and theoretical articles.(Wisconsin 2004) This chapter deals with the information collected in relation to the ypresent study through published and unpublished materials, which provided the foundation to carry out this study. In the present study the review of literature is organized and presented as  follows. Literature related to patients need during mechanical ventilation. Literature related to augmentive and alternative communication methods Literature related to patients satisfaction Literature related to patients need during mechanical ventilation Wojnicki-Johansson (2001) conducted a study among nurses to evaluate the communication of mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU (n = 22). Among the 22 patients, 19 patients have had good functional communication. Three patients reported that nurses were unable to understand their messages. The author suggested that nurses should critically evaluate their communication skills and frequently verify the content of communication with patients. Rotondi, Armando J. (2006) conducted a prospective cohort study on intensive care unit patients (n = 150 ) receiving mechanical ventilation. In this study the researcher collected data on patients physical(e.g pain) and psychological( anxiety) experiences with the mechanical ventilation. The study revealed that among two third of patients were strongly associated with experience of sleeplessness , fear , inability to communicate, pain, tense and loneliness. Bergbom-Engberg and Haljamae (2003) conducted a retrospective study, interviewed 158 patients on their recall of experiences while being mechanically ventilated 2 to 48 months after their ICU experience. Approximately half of the subjects reported experiencing feelings of anxiety/fear, agony/panic, and insecurity, and found it distressing not to be able to communicate properly with the nurses and their relatives. Lance  Patak, et al, (2004) conducted a descriptive study using qualitative and quantitative methods, a total of 29 critically ill patients, extubated within the last 72 hours,. It was found that 62% of patients (n = 18) reported a high level of frustration in communicating their needs while being mechanically ventilated. There was no significant difference between the duration of intubation and the level of frustration (Spearman r 5 .109, P 5 .573). Mechanically ventilated patients experience a high level of frustration when communicating their needs, and health care providers have a significant impact on the mechanically ventilated patients experience. Stacey M. Carroll (2004) used metasynthesis and understanding of non vocal mechanically ventilated patients experiences with communication. The final sample (n=111) included 12 qualitative studies. The data, methods, and theoretical frameworks were critically interpreted. The samples are divided into two groups. In the first group, the characteristics of nonvocal ventilated patients communication experiences were often not understood, which resulted in loss of control and negative emotional responses. In the second group, nonvocal patients wanted nursing care that was delivered in an individualized, caring manner. This facilitated positive interpersonal relations between the patient and the nurse. Johnson and Sexton (2007) interviewed (n=14) patients and identified 19 factors that caused distress for these patients. In this qualitative study, the inability to speak was identified by all participants as causing distress to some degree, from mild to extreme. In addition, other factors causing distress included pain/discomfort from the endotracheal tube, suctioning, inability to determine time, and noise. These distressing factors can be alleviated by health care professionals Kefang Wang et al, (2008) conducted a phenomenological approach and Giorgis phenomenological analysis procedure was used to analyse the data. Participants (n=11) surviving from mechanical ventilation were interviewed in-depth, described their experience which were: being in an unconventional environment, physical suffering, psychological suffering, and self-encouragement and self-reflection. Self-encouragement and self-reflection enhanced patients self-confidence, which was beneficial to recovering. Critical care nurses should place the highest priority on recognizing and meeting the needs of ventilated patients in intensive care units. Fatma Eti Aslan (2009) conducted a descriptive study with patients (n=300) in a cardiac surgery ICU post-operatively for a minimum of 48 h, had a sternal incision, chest tube, and required mechanical ventilation. Most patients described their pain as aching (n = 177) and throbbing (n = 154). The presence of chest tubes (n = 95), endotracheal tube suctioning (n = 47), change of dressings (n = 27) and the use of air mattresses (n = 20) were also identified as painful experiences for patients. Nuran TOSUN et al (2010), conducted a descriptive study on patients (n = 155) who were admitted to medical or surgical ICUs and the patients were interviewed with a semi-structured interview form, to determine the experiences related to mechanical ventilation (MV) The data were evaluated with Colaizzis qualitative research analysis method (91.41  ± 34.91). Physical restriction, dependency, air hunger, thirst, pain, inability to talk and difficulty to be understood were described as uncomfortable and stressful experiences for the patients. Flexible family visits, positive thinking, praying, hope for survival, care by experienced and friendly ICU nurses were effective for coping with stressful factors related to prolonged MV and the ICU environment Literature related to augmentive and alternative communication methods Stovsky et al. (1988) used a quasi-experimental design to compare two methods of communication in patients (n=40) receiving ventilator support after cardiac surgery. The study explored patients experiences and preferences for augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) methods during mechanical ventilation including yes/no questions, mouthing words/lip reading, facial expression reading, and use of an alphabet board, a magic slate board, a phrase board, and electronic scanning devices The experimental group (n = 20) was introduced to a communication board before surgery and they used the board during the postoperative period while receiving mechanical ventilation. The communication board used icons and pictures to represent basic needs (pain, fear, heat/cold, thirst, and bedpan). In contrast, the control group (n = 20) relied on standard care and on the experience of nurses. Patients in the experimental group were significantly more satisfied with communication using the board t han were patients in the control group (P = .05). Lawless (1975) conducted a study on ventilated patients (n=30) and the study described different types of boards that could be used to help patients communicate during mechanical ventilation: a magic slate board, magnetic plastic letters and board, an alphabet board, a picture board, and a simple writing board. Critical care nurses were used such type of AAC methods to assess their effectiveness in facilitating communication Reed (2008) conducted a study among nurses and patients regarding communication methods used to communicate. The study revealed that 60% of mechanically ventilated patients were extremely frustrated with their inability to communicate and 75% of nurses perceived their methods and 51% of patients preferred the picture board as their best method compared to other communication aids and basic methods, and 58% of nurses reported the picture board as the most beneficial method. Inke eh, light j à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™kitko l (2008) done quantitative research regarding communication between nurses and patients (n=60) with complex communication needs (CCN). The Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) strategies that can be used by nurses to facilitate more effective à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡communication with patients with CCN. Difficulties in communication between nurses and patients arise when patients are unable to speak. . Using AAC strategies will help nurses and patients better communicate with each other when speech is not an option. Literature related to patients satisfacion Annie (2007) performed an experimental control trial of patients (n=60), and the study demonstrated that 73% patients without the communication board found their communication process was inadequate. 80% found their communication was adequate with the communication. 63% of patients reported being unsatisfied with their communication process without the communication board and with the board, 77% were satisfied. Of those who used the Communication Board, 80% were satisfied with the board, 20% moderately satisfied and none reported unsatisfied. Nurses, however, reported 53% satisfaction, 30% moderately satisfied and 17% unsatisfied. Overall, the patients with the Communication Board reported higher satisfaction with communication (p AC Jansen,et al (2009) done a study, developed a questionnaire that consisted of 60 questions in eight domains (General satisfaction, Reception, Physical care, Mental care, Empathy and attention, Communication and information, Surroundings and Physical discomfort). Answering possibilities ranged from 1 (not satisfied) to 5 (completely satisfied). all consecutive adult patients from a 29-bed, tertiary-care, medical, surgical, neurosurgical and thoracic-surgical ICU were interviewed within 4 days after discharge. Demographics and clinical characteristics were obtained from electronic records. General linear modeling (GLM) with Bonferroni-Holmes correction was used to study the relationship between overall patient satisfaction scores and the eight domains, corrected for patient and ICU-related factors. The model was tested for clinically relevant interaction between determinants. Ninety-eight patients were interviewed. The mean overall patient satisfaction score was 4.60 (SD = 0.93). Of the eight domains, only Communication and information (P = 0.039) appeared to be significant in predicting general satisfaction. Also sex (P = 0.046), length of ICU stay (P = 0.042), the interaction between Communication and information and age (P = 0.016), and the interaction between Communication and information and Minimal Mental State Examination score (P = 0.013) were significant. An indepth analysis of Communication and information showed that the interaction of communication with birth country (P Parsa-Yekta.Z, . (2009) conducted a quasi experimental study to compare the effects of two types of communication methods on anxiety and satisfaction in patients (n=90) after cardiac and bypass surgery having intubation. Patients were randomly selected by divided into two groups (experimental and control). The researchers met all patients the day before the surgery explained the reason and use of the picture chart for the experimental group and the routine communication methods for the control group. Data collection was done through a questionnaire consisting of: 1) demographic specification and clinical history, 2) Spielburgers questionnaire for obvious anxiety and 3) visual analogue scale (10cm) for patient satisfaction evaluation which is undertaken the day after surgery and after extubation. The results of the G ² test and the Fishers exact test showed significant statistical differences between the two groups concerning the level of the patients anxiety and satisfaction. The use of the picture chart for the experimental group, decreased patients anxiety resulting from speech disability and increased their satisfaction with their communication with nurses as compared to the control group.

How Has The Role of the Police Changed?

How Has The Role of the Police Changed? Abstract When thinking of a police officer, what is the first image that comes to mind? If you are like most people, the image is that of a crime fighter, dodging bullets and saving citizens from the grasps of crime and corruption. What if I was to tell you that the realism of law enforcement, conversely, is that of something far less theatrical? How the Role of Police Changed over time: How the Role Change Affected the Public’s View of Police The role of a police officer plays a significant part in normal everyday life. Most recently, however, the role of a police officer started to shift, and that changes many things, including the public’s view on policing. Whether the view change is for better or worse, rest assured these brave men and women will be doing everything in their power to keep us safe. This analysis explores how the role of police has changed over time by answering the subsequent questions, What was the past role of the police officer? What is the role of the police officer currently? What has caused this change in the role? Understanding these inquiries will better our understanding of how effectively our police force is changing over time to protect its citizens. This will also give the communities a better understanding of just how difficult the role of a police officer is, and maybe with the understanding, more communication and cohesion between the department and its neighborhood are in order. What was the past role of the police officer? Before we can look at the current role of a police officer, we have to travel back in time and quickly view the role of the police officer then. Since the beginning of what is known as the professional (or reform) era, law enforcement arose as the key task of police officers (Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, Skrapec, 2011, p. 139). Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, Skrapec define law enforcement as, â€Å"The police agency’s application of the criminal code to specific situations† (2011, p. 139). Situated at the nucleus of law enforcement is, arresting the accused (Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, Skrapec, 2011, p. 172). With the demands so high for law enforcement officers to remove criminals from the streets, a policy known as localized policing came into effect. Localized policing is the formation of smaller departments throughout a larger area (Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, Skrapec, 2011, p. 146). This meant that police officers could now focus on the parts of town where crime was significantly higher. With the practice of localized policing came the problem of fragmentation. According to Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, Skrapec, fragmentation is, â€Å"The lack of coordination among law enforcement agencies in the same geographical region due to the existence of many small departments† (2011, p. 146). The disadvantages of fragmentation is that, with departments not talking, one district could be enforcing certain laws stricter than its neighboring jurisdiction (Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, Skrapec, 2011, p. 146-147). A contrast of these neighboring departments could lead to the one community’s thought of the police department changing to that of excessive force. What is even worse than this is, any criminals that run their business in the jurisdiction of the strict police department, might take their illegitimate deeds to the neighboring town creating a massive problem for the less forceful police department and its citizens (Meese III, 1993, p. 2). With these problems on police administrator’s hands, they knew something had to be done to help these officers. What is the role of the police officer currently? Fast-forwarding back to current times, the administrators have come up with certain changes in the role of police that might help with past complications. One big change that came through was the new roles of a police officer. As said before, the key role was enforcing the law. In this current time, the police officer actually has three major roles now. They are, maintaining order, law enforcement, and providing service. Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, Skrapec define maintaining order as, â€Å"Peacekeeping activities including enforcement of quality of life laws such as no loitering† (2011, p. 171). According to Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, Skrapec, this now includes, â€Å"traffic control, and crowd management during sporting events, concerts, and parades† (2011, p. 171). Service activities is defined as, â€Å"Non-law enforcement activities performed by officers on an as-needed basis, such as, giving someone directions† (Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, Skrapec, 2011, p. 172). Besides the general change in services, the rudimentary outlook of the police officer changed too. In the past, the police officer would chiefly react to occurrences. Now, the officer investigates, strategizes, and takes the initiative (Meese III, 1993, p. 2). The most significant change in policing came with the invention of community-oriented policing. Prono defines community policing as, â€Å"A cooperative relationship between the police and the community where they operate in tandem to diagnose and address crime issues† (2013, p. 1). Community policing is known for making neighborhoods more conscious of crime, and how to avert it (Prono, 2013, p. 1). One of the biggest components of community policing is civilianization. This is defined as, â€Å"assigning to civilians tasks previously performed by police officers† (Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, Skrapec, 2011, p. 175). The goal of civilianization is to enlarge the amount of community inhabitants actively partaking in policing. Besides the cutback in crime, another influence that community policing has is, the expansion of a progressive relationship amongst the police and the community. What has caused this change in the role? Since there seems to be a new way of policing, administrators decided that they should bring in some new faces around the department. They thought these new faces could help bring some new and exotic ideas to the table. In the 1950s-1960s virtually every department consisted of all white male officers (Sklansky, 2006, p. 1210). As Sklansky states, â€Å"In 2005, for the first time in the history of the NYPD, a majority of the new officers graduating from its academy were members of racial minorities† (Sklansky, 2006, p. 1213-1214). This is a huge step toward equality in the workforce. Something even greater than that comes with the upcoming vast diversity of the police departments. Studies have shown that communities have a better rapport with police officers when some of those police officers are from that descent (Howell, Perry, Vile, 2004 p. 62). It is not just about race anymore, all genders and sexual orientations are now able, and widely accepted to join the police departments. There is a saying that is implemented in the NYPD, the saying is, â€Å"Blue is blue† (Willis, 2002, p. 29). That saying sums it up completely, three little words that have a huge meaning behind them. Another reason for the change in the role of policing is the public’s opinion of police officers. In the past, the affiliation between African Americans and police officers was difficult [to say the least] (Howell, Perry, Vile, 2004, p. 45). With the help of diversifying the police force, and largely to community policing, the views of African American citizens on their community police department have improved considerably (Howell, Perry, Vile, 2004, p. 48). Over the years, with just these few examples, many have seen countless transformations to how the roles of policing have changed for the better. Our communities are never going to stop diversifying anytime soon. Many positive alterations have already begun to take place. With the help of community-oriented policing, and different points of view throughout the departments, thanks to the expansion of race, gender, and sexual orientation, many communities are seeing police in a whole new light. It will take hard work and determination to stay with the times, and not fall back onto beliefs and practices used in the past. With the help of different community based organizations, and a vast amount of backgrounds, our police departments relationship with the communities should flourish. The role of the police officer should become even more community based, because there still is a feeling in many urban communities of race discrimination, and use of excessive force. With time, this should all be taken care of, just like the many problems faced in the past. References Howell,S.E., Perry,H.L., Vile,M. (2004). Black cities/white cities: Evaluating the police.Political Behavior,26(1), 45-68. Masters,R., Muscat,B.T., Dussich,J.P., Pincu,L., Skrapec,C.A. (2011).CJ: Realities and challenges(2nded.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Meese III,E. (1993). Community policing and the police officer.National Institute of Justice, (15), 1-11. Retrieved from www.ncjrs.gov Prono,L. (2013). Community policing. InSalem Press Encyclopedia. Ipswich, MA: EBSCO Publishing. Sklansky,D.A. (2006). Not your fathers police department: Making sense of the new demographics of law enforcement.Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology,96(3), 1209-1233. Willis,C. (2002).NYPD: Stories of survival from the worlds toughest beat. New York, NY: Thunder Mouth Press.

Images of the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals :: Essays Papers

Images of the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals It all makes good sense so long as animals exist. Humans are not so different from nonhuman animals, yet through a vast array of often mutually supporting structures of domination – from food to fashion and psychology to war, â€Å"the suffering that we inflict on nonhuman beings can be extreme, and the numbers involved are gigantic†[1]. From this, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) branches out. A next step, a necessary path, a biological outgrowth or a wandering extension of a moral â€Å"circle† of consideration of nonhuman animals. The slogan: â€Å"Animals are not ours to eat, wear, experiment on or use for entertainment†[2]. But more than a slogan to march to, the pithy philosophy also guides, unifies, and activates the media presence that makes up the fundamental faces of PETA. PETA is also other than a cadre for animal revolution, â€Å"we are complete press sluts†[3]. For animals, the revolution will be televised vigo rously. Whereas this struggle might be understood as the instrumental use of media to effect an outside end for real world concerns (more TV makes less animals die), how PETA’s images have worked can be understood on an alternate screen of anti-aliased renders and widescreen projection. A programming of simulation, nature, and animal. PETA’s internet enabled zoo of images, photos for every block of words and text for every block of pixels, both addresses and symbiotically supports the habitat and survival of the animals they hope to strategically aid. For, while ‘the cause’ would be served as well by the sudden disappearance of animal cruelty, what is advocated is precisely inclusive and referential of itself. These animals, whose kind is to be saved, live inside of html formatted rectangles in Photoshop blended subtlety and complexity. It all makes sense so long as animals exist, and the premise is hard to deny. Animals have been, as PETA is no doubt aware, consistently and progressively devastated, impacted, displaced, conquered, enslaved, caught, captured, killed, boxed in and eliminated. The activist may tell you that this process is by no means inevitable or necessary and must be ended now. But the images sear a different mark: animals, as we once knew them, may have already passed through their disappearance, ascension, and resurrection. Bruce Friedrich, PETA’s director of vegan outreach, has said of meat eating, â€Å"feeding plants to animals then eating the animals is like filtering water through a sewer then drinking it†[4].

Essay --

Jacob bowler Ms. Miller English 12 26 October, 2013 How the Nazi regime changed the world Hail Hitler this was the phrase of the most feared group at the time the Nazi regime. They were one of the most powerful groups in the world even after losing one war they start up another one. Fighting and for the most part concurring and ruling lots of lands. They tricked everyone with their claim of just trying to reclaim the previously lost lands. Now while the nazi party did ultimately fail in their attempt to take over control of the world, they did succeed in creating great amounts of fear making many technological advancements and destroying millions of the Jewish race. One of two greatest motivators of people is fear, or fear of something. This was a great motivator of the Nazi regime their powerful tactics and ideas did not just cause fear for the time period of theirs but also to the present we still fear many things that had happened back then. One small thing that they did that still is here today is the fear of the police, with the secret police there was great fear of them and what they could do to you. With that fear people were less likely to disobey Hitler’s laws and methods. How that method still lasts today is that lots of people still fear cops and generally distrust the police and those associated with them. That means everyone that dose any illegal activity is very afraid of cops and any form of punishment that they could deal out. Then there is the undercover cops just like the secret police, cops that could infiltrate groups doing illegal activities. This also makes the groups very distrustful of most people, just like the pe ople that helped the Jews during the holocaust. So after all the pain and destruction of th... ... They came up with most the terror tactics showing that there can be many different ways of controlling specific groups through through many different tactis. So thought this it shows that the past and what happened there can have a great effect on us that it caused us to learn from the mistakes from the past. It shows that we have done many stupid things but also a lot of great things came out of the nazi party that they created. Showing that the best of things along with the worst of things can come out of the same thing. Horrors and miericals, bad and good everything can have two sides and different effects so this is how the Nazi party while failing to be able to control the world they did succeed in generating great amounts of fear, making many technological advancements and then greatly diminishing the populations of the Jews through murderous activities .

Affects of Westernization on Youth and Culture Essay

Youth are the back bone to a nation. The young generation occupies a special place in a society. They can change the future of the society with their spirited behavior. In a broader sense, the future of any society depends on the youth. The youth are ready to adapt changes because they are young, in search of truth and they are open to different ideas. Young people have better concentrating span contrary to old ones and that is how changes are brought in a society. All societies pay special attention to the youth. The youth acts as the motivating force of revolution. No revolution can be successful without the efforts of youth in a course of action. Their youthful energy enables them to perform great in every field and enables them to be innovative and skillful. Culture is the complete range of learned human behavior patterns. It includes a set of Customs, beliefs, and traditions. Culture is also shaped by Religion, language, festivals, dress, arts and craft. Culture is passed down from generation to generation. Youth of a society preserves its culture. All Cultures are naturally prone to change and, at the same time, to resist change. There are three general sources of influence that are responsible for both change and resistance to it: Forces at work within a society, Contact between societies and Changes in the natural environment. Within a society, processes leading to change include invention and culture loss. Inventions may be either technological or ideological. Technological inventions include new tools, energy sources, and transportation methods. Culture loss is an unavoidable result of old cultural patterns being replaced by new ones. For example, not many Pakistanis today know how to care for a horse. A century ago, this was common knowledge among many people because buggies and horse-riding were the only means of transportation. Since then, vehicles with internal combustion engines have replaced horses and horse care knowledge lost its importance. As a result, children are rarely taught these skills. Instead, they are trained in the use of the new technologies of automobiles, televisions, cellular phones, computers, and iPods. The processes leading to change that occur as a result of contact between societies are diffusion, acculturation and transculturation. Diffusion is the movement of things and ideas from one culture to another. When diffusion occurs, the form of a trait may move from one society to another but not its original cultural meaning. Acculturation is what happens to an entire culture when unfamiliar traits diffuse in on a large scale and significantly replace traditional cultural patterns. Transculturation is what happens to an individual when he or she moves to another society and adopts its culture. The word westernization is defined as â€Å"The social process of becoming familiar with or converting to the customs and practices of Western civilization†. The youth of Pakistan is talented and dedicated. Unfortunately, the youth today is involved in activities which are neither useful to them nor the nation. All that keeps them busy during the day are games, TV shows, movies and socializing with their peers which these days, is commonly called â€Å"hanging out†. At night, they’re busy chatting on the internet, listening to music, attending late night parties and some are even involved in illegal activities like smoking and drinking. They have no vision and instead of improving themselves or doing something productive, they choose to waste their time. All this is because of westernization of youth in Pakistan. Over the past decade, the youth of Pakistan has been adversely affected by western culture. A significant change has been observed in the culture of Pakistan. Many regional rituals have either been forgotten or replaced by western rituals; young people prefer western attire over national dress, fast food is preferred over regional food, family values are not practiced the way they used to, dating has become very common and violent behavior has become a trend among youngsters. In such a situation, culture cannot be passed on in its original form; it would rather be modified or to be more specific, westernized.

Characters of the story Essay

Sethe is the star of the novel. The entire novel revolves around her (Morrison 1). It also talks of the people who are her children, her lover and her relatives. She is a slave in Kentucky. She escaped from the Garner residence named Sweet Home because they had died. The new slave owner, the school teacher, was too harsh on them. Thus, Sethe and the other slaves could not bear the inhuman treatment of the school teacher thus forcing them to fight back. This fighting back was in the form of running away. Sethe and the other slaves had to run away to freedom. However, Sethe was discovered barely a month after her bold escape. Upon being caught, Sethe slit the throat of her child, Beloved, in order to keep her from suffering under slavery when she grows up to womanhood. Sethe stands out from the normal African American slaves because she is bold and independent minded. This is what inspires her kind. She even proudly stated to Paul D. that she will not run away from things on this earth. However, Sethe’s life has no direction. She spends most of her waking hours in her home, 124, trying to forget her past where she killed her own daughter, Beloved, and she was raped by a white American. This murder occurred when escaped Sethe was caught by the white Americans. Sethe would always miss her Beloved child even after killing her. Two men caught Sethe in Mother Baby Suggs house and took her milk from her. Thus, she was not able to feed her human milk to her children . Paul D was an African American slave in Kentucky. He escaped from his white owners only after Sethe successfully made her get away. Paul D. continuously tried to run away for eighteen years but he was caught each time. And, he finally reached Sethe’s front steps in Cincinnati after his last escape try was successful. Paul D. also had a past that he rather forget because he considered it as a nightmare. He locks up this sad part of his past in his tobacco tin part of his heart. For, his secretive past horror was that he was often imprisoned in a cube that lay in a ditch. The reincarnated Beloved seduces Paul D. and tells him to accept his past as a normal part of life. Beloved aids him to finally lay his heavy load of a horrible past to rest. He is steadfast in his plan not to love anything in life too much because it would be only temporary. Martin Bidney stated that â€Å"I want to show that one of Morrison’s chief goals in Beloved is to rethink and transform major British romantic poets. By taking a romanticist tour of Beloved, we can see with what startling originality she reshapes the literary past† . Beloved is the third child of Sethe, the main character of the novel. She was murdered by Sethe at the age of one. She stayed on as a ghost for the next twenty years in 124. She is reincarnated on her twenty first year. However, she has the mind of the child. He return was due to her desire to be caressed by her mother and to avenge her death at the hands of Sethe. She tries to comprehend why her own mother would kill her. She symbolizes the many African Americans killed because of the color of their skin. For, sixty million Africans that were kidnapped and forcibly packed like fishes in the very tight ocean going vessels to be sold into slavery. Beloved had come back from the other world to address such hotly contested issues as justice for the slaves, morality and slavery . One Toni Morrison’s intentions for this novel was that the story would not end with the Paul D. rather, she wants this story to be told and retold so that many people from the current and future generations will not forget the slave past of African Americans. For, Paul D. finally laid to rest his nightmare as a former slave by accepting it as part of his heritage. Beloved successfully opened the eyes of Paul D. to finally accept his past and to move on . 2. 1. 1 Baby Suggs Baby Suggs is Sethe’s mother in law. She is the mother of her husband, African American Halle. The novel states that Baby Suggs had died eight years ago. Baby Suggs was given freedom by her white American owners. She was happy that her owner informed that she is a free woman. She feels that that she now owns the different parts of her body. She encouraged her fellow African Americans to love themselves for what they are. She spread the word that her fellow African Americans should endure all that the White Americans placed on them and everything would turn out fine . 2. 1. 2 Denver She is the living daughter of Sethe. She felt that the arrival of Paul D. has left her alone in a small corner of her mother’s home. Paul D. and Sethe often stayed to make love. Sethe feels that three is crowd because her mother and Paul D. were too busy sharing love with each other. And, Sethe feels that the boys and the girls of her time did not want to be her friends. She does not feel lonely because her lonely hours are spend conversing with her only friend. This friend is the ghost of Beloved. However, the ghost of Beloved is finally driven off by Paul D. 2. 1. 3 Howard & Buglar They are the two other children of Sethe. They ran away from Sethe when they were still thirteen years old . 2. 1. 4 Stamp Pride Stamp Pride is another African American slave. He had to endure his horrible past. This past was his that he was forced to give his wife away to the white Americans so that she could be their sex toy. Stamp Pride worked actively against the forceful taking of his wife . 2. 2 Racism Beloved focuses on racism. The African slaves are classified as animals by the people during this time period. The novel focuses on the school teacher. The school teacher likens the slaves not as a human being but only as an animal. This means that they are just like the pet dogs and the working horses that Caucasians own in their farms. As animals, the Caucasian owners can do whatever they please with their property. And, the slaves are classified as property that the owners definitely will be useful in the farms of the slave states especially in the Southern United States territories. The African Americans are portrayed by the Beloved novel literally as having the same five senses that the Caucasian owners have. The slaves also have the senses of sight, hearing, smelling, touch and taste . Evidently, the novel Beloved emphasizes that the African American slaves are also human beings and should not be treated like ordinary cats, dogs, horses or any other work animals. The novel is replete with voluminous pages showing that the African Americans are torn between fighting for their freedom from slavery or to just accept the stark reality that they were born to be harnessed just like pet dogs and horses. Also, the tune period of the story is very volatile as evidenced by the thousands who have died on both the Union side under Robert E. Lee and the Confederate side under General Ulysses S. Grant. The civil war was fought by the Union soldiers because they wanted to free the slaves. The Confederate soldiers fought the war because they felt they had to break away from the United States and form a separate nation where slavery is allowed . The novel raises the issue of racism throughout the entire novel. It defines what freedom is to the slaves. Baby Suggs felt that she was free. However she had to right to privacy and property. For, the White Americans could barge into her home and search her place anytime of the day without need to ask for her permission. This what the white Americans did when they stormed her place to search for the escaping Sethe who brought along her children four children. Also, the Paul D. was not allowed to love whatever he wanted to love due to African American lineage. Racism is very evident because the African Americans had to wait in line for the white Americans to finish their grocery purchases before they were allowed to enter and buy grocery items. The author, Morrison, emphasizes that being a free slave does not only mean NOT belonging to any white American. Racism has caused a break up of the African American families. For, the children of the African Americans would be taken away from them by their owners never to be seen again. This is due to the fact that Slaves are the property of their masters . 2. 3 Kentucky the 1800s Kentucky in the 1800s was a time where owning a slave is normal human activity. Also, many slave rebellions cropped up during this time period. People like John Trumbull had to find ways to fight out any revolt from their slaves .

Close to the Water’s Edge Essay

Close to the Water’s Edge is a short story written by the Irish writer Claire Keegan. The main character in the story is a boy who just turned 19. He is a student at the Harvard University or as he call it himself Cambridge, which is the town where Harvard University is situated. Through out the story he is staying at his mother’s penthouse apartment near the ocean. His birthday party is marked by a dinner at the fancy restaurant Leonardo’s. But the atmosphere at the dinner is cold and cynical. The conversations between the main character, his mother and his millionaire stepfather is not comfortable and cheerfully but more snide and spiteful. The millionaire stepfather is trying several times to discuss about homosexual men as a part of the military with the main character, but every time his mother tries to change the subject to something else like: how he is the top of his class at Harvard or how good the olives tastes. The grandmother of the main character is the only person who really gets him, and through flashbacks you hear of her life living on a pig farm with a husband that she did not love, and the regrets of her life that she did not leave him and try to make a better life for her self. It is important for a person to take decisions in life, decided and chosen by themselves, decisions that will create and lead on the way to the future and finally to form a unique identity. In life many people have tons of roads to choose between, and it is the way you choose that will defined you as a person. In the choice of the road the person is finally going to choose, many people are trying to influence the chose, but in the end you have to decide for yourself to create your own future and unique identity. This is shown in the short story Close to the Water’s Edge, where the main character is struggling to find his own way in life but his mother is trying to choose for him and plan his future as she wish it to become. The main character is a very sensitive, polite and intelligent young man. But underneath the surface he feels impotencies, he feels void towards his parents who will not accept him for whom he really is, gay and careless of wealth. His mother thinks that wealth means happiness â€Å"You play your cards right and this could all be yours someday. He’s god no kids. You wonder why I married him, but I was thinking of you all along† (p. 3 l. 76-78). But he don’t care about wealth, it seems unimportant to him â€Å"He does not care for these rooms, with the vicious swordfish mounted on the walls and all these mirrors that make it impossible to do the simplest thing without seeing his reflection. † (p. 1 l. 4-7) In the story there are lots of clues that points that he is gay â€Å"He stays out on the beach and though his shades watches the bathers, the procession of young men with washboard bellies walking the beach. (p. 1 l. 8-10) â€Å"He will never marry; he knows that now† (p. 4 l. 165-166) Through the dinner at Leonardo’s his millionaire stepfather tries scornfully to influence subjects that points out his sexuality or just to pan homosexuality â€Å"Did you hear about this guy Clinton? Says if he’s elected president he’s going to let queers into the military† (p. 2 l. 88-89) â€Å"How come you never bring a girl down? † (p. 2 l. 123-124). The mother is a beautiful hot tempered woman, a bit superficial and wears expensive clothes and lots of make-up. She married the millionaire Richard, in hope of giving herself and her son the best chance for success in life, but she forgot to stop and ask her son what it was he wanted of life and in what way he wanted to achieve success in life. Richard, the millionaire stepfather is an unsympathetic and cruel man throughout the entire story; it seems like he doesn’t care for anybody but himself, it is shown in the way that he take no notice of his wife’s wish about not bringing up the fact that her son is gay. And in the way he is taunting the main character by giving him a pink cake as a joke, the stepfather think it is funny because the main character is gay. â€Å"It is a pink cake, the pinkest cake the young man has ever seen, like a cake you’d have at a christening party for twin girls. The millionaire is grinning. † (p. 3, l. 135-137) The Grandmother tells the drearily story about a wasted life. Through flashbacks the story about how her biggest wish was leaving the Tennessean pig farm where she was living with her husband, and run away to go to the Atlantic. One day her husband finally agrees in fulfilling her dream. When they arrive at the Ocean he tell her that she got one hour and if she is not back by then he will leave her. At five minutes past the appointed hour, he slammed the car door and turned the ignition on. But the grandmother jumped into the road and stopped him, and afterwards she climbed into the car. She later told her grandson, the main character, that if she had her life to live again, she would never have climbed back into that car. Her life is the symbol of the wasted life, where other people chose the decisions for her and chose the roads she had to go. The story is told by a limited omniscient 3. person narrator. This effect the story. In a way makes it more serious, because a limited omniscient narrator creates a focus on the deep and almost melodramatic thoughts of life that the main character has. If we had heard the mother’s thoughts instead of his, it would create another story with all new perspectives. But because it is the main characters point of view, it makes it much easier to see the moral of the story. As stated earlier on, the main character is not free. He is not in the process of choosing his own road towards his future and identity, but is being controlled by his mother and the stepfather. His mother is trying to make him choose the lifestyle she has decided is best for him, rich and successful. At one point in the story, there is a clear symbol on how the mother is holding him down and pressing him, it is in the first part of the story, when the boy is out on the balcony and his mother is tiring his tie in a â€Å"unnecessarily tight bow† (p. 3 l. 70). Later on after the dinner at Leonardo’s he is walking down the beach and starts thinking about his grandmother, who lived a life in where she was total controlled by her husband and did not have the freedom to make her own chooses, and how she regret that she did not stood up to her husband. He realizes that just as his grandmother he is not living the life he wants to live. He wants to break free of the life he is living where he is not able to choose for himself, he loosens the knot around his neck as a symbol of how he is breaking the controlling grasp his mother has on him. The main character is now standing in a central point of the story. He is standing close to the water’s edge on the beach. He is going to have to choose either jumping in the water and taking the chance with his life that his grandmother never took, she was afraid of how deep the water was, but she later regret that she did not take the chance, the other opportunity is staying on solid ground well knowing how the rest of his life will turn out, planed by his mother. He takes the risk and jump into the water, not knowing what will happen, but it is a chose of his own. The way of how he is going into the water is a symbol of rebirth. The main character is going through a development deep inside of him, he is breaking up with the controlling of her mother and starts taking his own choices and controlling his own life. In the meanwhile this development of his life is happing another developing is taken place, where he is going from being a boy to being a man.

Multicultural Issues in Counseling Essay

In the field of counseling and psychology, it is always necessary that the counselor understands the predicament that the patient is facing. This is because, this patient is coming for assistance because he or she is not in a position to do his activities right. Therefore in this case it is necessary that the supervisee and in this case Ann has all the attributes that are needed as this is the only way that she will be able to help Donald. As Barratt, E. et al, (1997) in their research found out, it calls for a good rapport between the counselor and the patient for the patient to receive meaningful treatment or help. This is not the case here as Donald is always complaining that Ann is not giving him enough attention. In real sense, it is the broken rapport that exists between them that is the problem. In the content of my informal assessment of Ann’s multicultural counseling skills, I would clearly indicate that Ann lacks the basic and crucial skills that are necessary for a counselor to execute his or her duties. I understand that the main reason for this is the background where Ann has grown. She has grown up in an area where there are no mixed races. This developed in her limited socialization skills when dealing with people. This is her new interaction with a person from a different race and due to this; it becomes very difficult for her to deal with the patient. As Gladwell, (2007) argues, it calls for a counselor to have good communication and socialization skills so that he or she can be able to assist a patient. In addition, the counselor should understand that the patient is not in the right frame of mind. The counselor should not give the comments that the patient gives the same weight as the way he or she would if the person was in the right frame of mind. These are some of the basic attributes, which Ann lacks, and I would include this in my informal assessment report. According to Dinn, W. et al, (2000), gauging the level of awareness has its basis on how well one executes the duties assigned to him or her. In this case, Donald is complaining that he is lacks appropriate attention and therefore he is contemplating on stopping treatment. On the other hand, Ann is claiming that she has done all that she could so to help the patient. This is a clear sign that Ann is giving up. The patient is already hopeless and the doctor or the counselor can only revive his hope. If the counselor loses hope, it means that there is no chance of recovering. It is also a clear indication of lack of commitment and objective by the counselor. The level of Ann’s self- awareness is therefore very low. The reason is that she is not fully aware that she is the counselor and that the patient really needs her assistance. She seems to forget her role in the whole process, which is to help the patient recover. In addition, Ann is complaining that Donald is over-dependent on her. She fully understands that Donald is suffering from Schizophrenia and dependency is expected. This is a clear indication that Ann happen to have very limited knowledge of the appropriate treatment interventions. For instance, it would be absurd for a surgeon to complain that he or she is encountering a lot of blood when he or she fully knows that this will be inevitable. If we receive such a complaint, it is a clear indication that the person has no or limited knowledge of what he is doing and what he is supposed to do. This is the case happening with Ann. At the same time, Ann is complaining of not having a good communication with the patient because he has difficulty expressing himself in English. As she was born and raised in only one region, there are chances that she did not have good socialization and communication skills and probably the problem is not the English but the access which she is having difficulty understanding. In conclusion, in my informal assessment, I would clearly indicate that the problem here is not the patient but Ann. She seems to lack the basic attributes of a counselor. A good counselor should be dynamic in all the activities that he or she is doing. He should not use a universal platform to treat his or her patients. He should take each patient individually, understand him or her and adopt a proper method in treatment. This is something that Ann needs to improve on. She also needs exposure as she has very little experience in dealing with people. For instance, she has very limited if any knowledge and experience with the African-American culture and all this is attributed to the way she was raised. ? References Barratt, E. et al. (1997). Neuropsychological & Cognitive Psychophysiological Substrates of Impulsive Aggression. Biological Psychiatry , 1045-60. Dinn, W. et al. (2000). Neurocognitive Function in Antisocial Personality Disorder. Psychiatry Research , 173-92. Gladwell, M. (2007). Blink: Power of Thinking Without Thinking . Irwin: Back Bay Books .

Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Argument - Essay Example Banning universities from showing, or rather, selling students list to credit card companies is a smart move. This is because; higher learning institutions should be the ones imparting life skills upon students. Instead, to benefit from the fees they get from the credit card companies, they give access to the students; this shows the level of corrupted morals in the country’s institutions of higher learning (Approvals.com). Thus, it is evident that students require loans to survive in colleges, unless, of course, one is from a well background. However, in spite of this fact sticking out, colleges and universities expose students to risks knowingly that they do not have the income to sustain the costs of financing a credit card. In this regard, institutions of higher learning should not grant access, whatsoever; despite the benefits, they bear from these companies. In addition, some of these institutions give misleading information, moreover to selling student lists, by giving promises of broader options concerning higher-education options (Golden). The information collected from these students is only beneficial to credit companies that commission such surveys and capitalize by using it for marketing. Other than exploitation by both institutions of higher learning and credit card companies, credit cards are a deception to students as they are not crucial to their life as students. Credit cards do not add any value except accrued debt and a lifetime of paying for it. Colleges should actively advocate against the use of credit cards, as they are non-essential products required by students. This is a critical move towards helping colleges and universities lower their own costs of operation, as well as save students the trouble of having claimants on their back. The move is significant because of the charges that come with processing credit card payments thus, curbing the operating costs of these institutions. Therefore to ensure that students do not use the ir credit cards, or even to deter them from using the said cards, some institutions are charging the processing fees in cards such as visa that are used to pay for tuition, parking and other services rendered in the institutions (Greene). Therefore, by doing so, credit card companies will be deterred from mounting their marketing stands in colleges and luring students to apply for finances that they do not require. This is by use of gifts at campus events in an attempt to attract them towards opening a credit card account (Zhu). In addition, due to the lack of independence demonstrated by most students, since they are either dependents of parents and guardians, the use of credit cards exposes them to greater risk (Zhu). This is in the form of promoting inability to cope with their own needs and put an end to reliance on advances; that one cannot afford due to either low income or lack of means to do so such as a job. Not only do they put students at risk, but also the parents and gu ardians who co-sign the application forms as per the law (Zhu). This is because; by spending that which they do not have puts the guardian in a position of responsibility to bear the cost of financing luxuries in the name of emergencies most of which usually end up as â€Å"fashion emergencies†. The fine print, otherwise known as terms and conditions, used by credit card compa

Strategy implementation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategy implementation - Assignment Example The names on the left are pocket-friendly; they are cheaper the further the arrow goes. As one move, the opposite direction to the right brands gets more expensive prices rise. Across the vertical side on the horizontal axis brands are more expensive. The price increase so does the content of the brands. The arrows also mean that one can get expensive and yet light brands or heavy brands depending on the closeness to the axis. All brands above the horizontal axis are heavy brands regardless of the price it costs. All those below the horizontal axis, there are brands that are light whether budget wise or are on the premium side. Above is a perceptual map for the shampoo market. Just like the beer perceptual map, the shampoo perceptual shows the different segments formed in the market for the products. There are different view and test that different people in the market will want. A Price of a product is always a critical factor to consider when purchasing a product. In the case of different types of shampoos, have different scents. The Net worth of a company shows how much a company would remain with is if it decided to end its business operations. When calculating the net worth of an entity or shareholders’ equity, sum up all assets both current and fixed and find the sum of all the liabilities the firm has. They include current liabilities and long-term liabilities To calculate the price-earnings ratio, one just finds the current price of the stock of a company and then divide it by earnings per share. In short, it is a ration of an organization’s stock price to that of the firm’s earnings per share. Outstanding shares are the common stock that a company authorizes to be issued and purchased by investors. Capital change will be the value in the equity column less the value in the increase of the company’s

Health Administarion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Health Administarion - Essay Example Identifying ones intentions in a way to ensure â€Å"what one has to say goes along with what one wants to accomplish in the communication plan† (Booher, 2007; p.11). After this, one should identify the message addressees. When the audience is known, it becomes a little easier when planning a communication plan this is because different audiences require different messages. The next thing to consider is the message, where one should check on the content in regard to the audience, the ambiance one wants to create for the audience, the language which should match that of the audience and lastly the channel to be used in the communication which should be placed where the audience is likely to come across it (Booher, 2007; p.19). A good communication plan will take into consideration the resources to be used which should be reasonable. If one is going to spend money or any other form of resource, one should ensure that the plan will be worth the expense. The fifth thing is that one must always be ready for any mistake that should occur which could cost in plan for effective communication (Booher 31). What follows is the creation of media representatives to help in conveying the messages. Of importance is also preparation of a plan of action that entails spreading of the message. The last thing to do is to gauge the plan so that one can make changes as they arise. In this way miscommunication will be

The beauty of islam art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The beauty of islam art - Essay Example The beauty of Islamic art, considering outward beauty and inward beauty, has its source in the past. The human activities are integrated to the extent into Islamic; they are a shore up for beauty that really transcends these actions for it is the Islamic beauty itself (Critch, 2004, 8). The art of Islamic receives its beauty from Islamic itself and not from any other ethic genius, and just as the science of Islamic originated in the Hadith and Qur’an, so the Islamic art typical form is rooted in the Islamic spirit. Inward beauty is the beauty of the heart or of the soul, and which necessary emanates outwards, transforming each individual action hooked on an art, and all art into Gods remembrance. As Islamic art is essential to all Muslim’s part of life and makes it beautiful, so the Islamic art ought to be used to invent the things of the everyday life with beauty. In Islamic art, the emphasis is not an art in favor of art’s sake, but it is an art on

Mobilising Creativity and Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Mobilising Creativity and Innovation - Essay Example 1996). In my previous work experience, I was a support worker in customer service, handling customer orders and fielding customer complaints. My domain-relevant skills were proficiency in utilising the electronic computer systems at the firm and excellence at understanding the procurement process along the value chain. In the creative process, I was able to draw on these talents and knowledge bases to come up with innovative service solutions. In this organisation, the service team was not provided with a well-developed training model illustrating best practices for handling customer support issues. Hence, the management team relied on our own creative ideas to ensure that customer’s perceived a rapid response, quality of service, and ability to fulfil their service needs. When first working within the organisation, I was substantially motivated through intrinsic factors, with a genuine enjoyment for the work and the challenge of dealing with diverse and sometimes difficult customer segments. However, over time, with a track record of providing creative solutions to customers, my motivation for creative output began to deteriorate and I was unable to come up with imaginative solutions in difficult service situations. The problem was that I was receiving no external accolades for superior performance and a track record of customer satisfaction. Careful self-reflection indicated a substantial problem: I was heavily reliant on extrinsic motivators to remain motivated toward the creative task in the long-term. The organisation maintained a social norm where it was commonplace for managers to criticise new ideas and there were ample political problems throughout the organisational model, which was identified by Woodman, Sawyer and Griffin (1993) as being barriers to the creative process. However, having been initially motivated intrinsically, I should have been able to overcome these social and organizational-environmental problems

Bleaching in dentistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bleaching in dentistry - Essay Example One may either opt for a treatment at the dentist’s office or use an OTC treatment tray in-house. Research studies have shown the there is not much difference between the two. Ghalili et al (2014) conducted a study to see the efficacy of novel in-house bleaching procedure using OTC bleaching tray system. They aimed to study the change in color, gingival irritation and tooth sensitivity in patients who opt for undergoing in-house bleaching process. For the study 43 participants within the age group of 18 -65 years and without teeth restorations were selected. Post exclusion, color shade, sensitivity and gingival measurement were done. The participants were given at-home bleaching systems containing 9% HP and treatment was done for 5 days. Assessment was done after treatment on day and day 5. It was seen that after day 1 of treatment significant color change was seen in all but only7 participants complained of discomfort while 2 suffered from buccal mucosal blanching. After Day 5, radical change in color was seen and 82% did not report any pain or discomfort at all. The study thereby concluded that home systems were effective on all in terms of restoring teeth whiteness however people should consult a dentist prior using such systems because some may suffer from discomfort or pain. Some studies have tried to understand if the bleaching mechanism of these agents could be enhanced with the help of energy supplied through heat or radiation. Cardoso et al (2012) conducted an experiment to measure the efficacy of bleaching agents activated by ultrasonic waves. Bleaching agents such as hydrogen peroxide are extremely efficient in producing free radicals which degrade the long chains pigments that make the tooth appear darker. Research showed that if these agents could be supplied with heat energy they would become much more efficient in breaking down teeth pigmentation to make the teeth appear lighter in color. In